Социальная психология и общество
2024. Том 15. № 4. С. 25–39
doi:10.17759/sps.2024150403
ISSN: 2221-1527 / 2311-7052 (online)
Эффект Поллианны: роль механизмов защиты позитивной личностной и групповой идентичности
Аннотация
Цель исследования. Анализ социально-психологических механизмов, поддерживающих эффект лингвистической позитивности и ее динамику в условиях кризиса.
Контекст и актуальность. В условиях нарастания трудноконтролируемых климатических, военных, экономических и технологических угроз все более значимыми становятся исследования, направленные на выявление психологических механизмов, лежащих в основе готовности личности и группы позитивно оценивать себя, свою группу и мир в целом. Одним из результатов работы таких механизмов является эффект Поллианны – склонность людей отдавать предпочтение позитивной информации, проявляющаяся в оценках настоящего, воспоминаниях о прошлом и ожиданиях в отношении будущего, а также отражающаяся в преобладании позитивной лексики над негативной в словарном составе языка.
Основные выводы. Выделены индивидуальные, межличностные и групповые социально-психологические механизмы эффекта лингвистической позитивности, среди которых последние изучены значительно меньше остальных. На индивидуальном уровне эффект Поллианны поддерживается за счет закономерностей восприятия позитивной и негативной информации, эмоциональной контррегуляции, механизмов совладания и позитивных иллюзий, защищающих позитивную идентичность личности. На межличностном уровне такими механизмами являются совместные позитивные переживания, межличностная аттракция и доверие. На групповом уровне – групповая идентификация, позитивные групповые эмоции и механизмы, поддерживающие позитивную оценку своей группы: ингрупповой фаворитизм, перцептивные защиты, конструирование коллективной памяти и коллективного образа будущего. Обосновано предположение о том, что вклад групповой идентичности в обеспечение эффекта Поллианны возрастает в условиях кризисов, сопряженных с переживанием трудноконтролируемой угрозы и коллективной травмой. Намечены перспективные направления социально-психологических исследований в данной области.
Общая информация
Ключевые слова: эффект Поллианны, лингвистическая позитивность, позитивное искажение, позитивный сдвиг, кризис, военные конфликты, психологическое благополучие
Рубрика издания: Теоретические исследования
Тип материала: научная статья
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2024150403
Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда в рамках научного проекта № 24-18-00570, https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-00570/.
Получена: 30.10.2024
Принята в печать:
Для цитаты: Нестик Т.А. Эффект Поллианны: роль механизмов защиты позитивной личностной и групповой идентичности // Социальная психология и общество. 2024. Том 15. № 4. С. 25–39. DOI: 10.17759/sps.2024150403
Полный текст
Введение
Механизмы восприятия позитивной и негативной информации
Возможные эволюционные предпосылки эффекта Поллианны
Позитивный сдвиг и личностная идентичность
Позитивный сдвиг и групповая идентичность в условиях кризиса
Заключение
Литература
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