Features of age-related changes in academic motivation of adolescents in different forms of education

This study aims to identify changes in academic motivation among adolescents with age-related changes under different forms of education. The article presents the results of an empirical study conducted on a sample of 874 students from secondary schools in the Moscow region attending offline classes and 616 students receiving education through homeschooling (grades 5–9) and self-education (grades 10–11) entirely in an online format at the “Foxford” home school. The respondents’ ages ranged from 10 to 18 years (mean age 14.2 ± 1.7 years). The “Schoolchildren’s Academic Motivation Scales” (SAMS) developed by T.O. Gordejeva and colleagues was used to assess academic motivation. The analysis of the results revealed that academic motivation exhibits a specific age-related dynamic and varies depending on the form of education. Regardless of the type of education, internal motivation becomes more pronounced with age, while both positive and negative external motivation tend to decrease. At all ages, cognitive motives, achievement, self-development, and self-esteem motives are more pronounced among online learners, while amotivation is more pronounced among offline learners. The findings are of particular interest in the context of the increasing spread of distance and online forms of education.

1. Artemova O.D., Vetosheva V.I. Vzaimosvyaz’ motivatsii uchebnoi deyatel’nosti i samootsenki podrostkov s uspevaemost’yu i otnosheniem k shkole [The relationship between motivation for educational activities and self-esteem of adolescents with development and attitude towards school]. Psikhologiya XXI veka: psikhologiya kak nauka, iskusstvo i prizvanie: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov uchastnikov mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii molodykh uchenykh (g. Sankt-Peterburg, 12–25 aprelya 2018 goda) [Psychology of the 21st century: psychology as a science, art and vocation: Collection of scientific works of participants in the international scientific conference of young scientists (St. Petersburg, April 12–25, 2018)]. Saint Petersburg: Publ. VVM, 2018, pp. 179– (In Russ.).
2. Vasil’eva M.S. Uchebnaya motivatsiya podrostkov s nizkoi akademicheskoi uspevaemost’yu [Academic motivation of adolescents with low academic performance]. Sovremennaya pedagogika: teoriya, metodika, praktika: Sbornik materialov II mezhdunarodnoi ochno-zaochnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii (g. Moskva, 16 noyabrya 2018 goda) [Modern pedagogy: theory, methodology, practice: Collection of materials of the II international part-time scientific and practical conference (Moscow, November 16, 2018)]. Moscow: Publ. Empire, 2018, pp. 59-60.
3. Gorbunova T.N., Leontiev A.N. Issledovanie protsessov perekhoda k u-learning v sfere obrazovaniya [Research of transition processes to u-learning in education] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Baltiiskii gumanitarnyi zhurnal = Baltic Humanitarian Journal, 2021. Vol. 10, no. 1 (34), pp. 75–78. doi:10.26140/bgz3-2021-1001-0017 (In Russ.).
4. Gordeeva T.O. Psikhologiya motivatsii dostizheniya [Psychology of achievement motivation]. Moscow: Publ. Smysl, 2015, 334 p. (In Russ.).
5. Gordeeva T.O., Sychev O.A., Gizhitsky V.V., Gavrichenkova T.K. Shkaly vnutrennei i vneshnei akademicheskoi motivatsii shkol’nikov [Intrinsic and Extrinsic Academic Motivation Scale for Schoolchildren] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological Science and Education, 2017. Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 65–74. doi:10.17759/pse.2017220206 (In Russ.).
6. Gordeeva T.O., Sychev O.A., Stepanova M.A. Otnoshenie shkol’nikov k vynuzhdennomu distantsionnomu obucheniyu: svyaz’ s vnutrennei motivatsiei i udovletvorennost’yu shkoloi [Attitude of Schoolchildren Towards Emergency Distance Learning: Relations with Intrinsic Motivation and School Satisfaction] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie = Psychological Science and Education, 2022. Vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 46–56. doi:10.17759/pse.2022270604 (In Russ.)
7. Gordeeva T.O., Sychev O.A., Sukhanovskaia A.V. Dinamika uchebnoi motivatsii i orientatsii na otsenki u rossiiskikh podrostkov v period s 1999 po 2020 gg. [Dynamics of Academic Motivation and Orientation towards the Grades of Russian Teenagers in the Period from 1999 to 2020] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Kul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2022. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 104–112. doi:10.17759/chp.2022180313 (In Russ.)
8. Dekina E.V., Shalaginova K.S. Osobennosti razvitiya pamyati mladshikh shkol’nikov v protsesse aktivnoi poznavatel’noi deyatel’nosti i vospitaniya: vliyanie tsifrovizatsii obrazovaniya [Features of the Development of Memory in Primary Schoolchildren in the Process of Active Cognitive Activity and Education: The Impact of Digitalization of Education] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Vestnik prakticheskoi psikhologii obrazovaniya = Bulletin of Practical Psychology of Education, 2023. Vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 66–77. doi:10.17759/bppe.2023200305 (In Russ.).
9. Egolaeva E.S., Antsiferova D.V. Akademicheskaya uspevaemost’ podrostkov kak kriterii otsenki v uchebnoi deyatel’nosti [Academic progress of adolescents as a criterion for assessment in learning activities]. Tribuna molodykh uchenykh: sbornik statei Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii [Tribune of young scientists: collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Penza: Publ. MTsNS “Nauka I Prosveshchenie”, 2023, pp. 262–264. (In Russ.).
10. Kurskova A.V. Akademicheskaya motivatsiya i poznavatel’nye interesy mladshikh shkol’nikov s raznym urovnem vovlechennosti v virtual’noe (obrazovatel’noe) prostranstvo [Academic motivation and cognitive interests of junior schoolchildren with different levels of involvement in the virtual (educational) space]. Internauka = Interscience, 2022, no. 22-3(245), pp. 44-46. (In Russ.).
11. Merikova M.A. Vozrastnye osobennosti uchebnoi motivatsii u obuchayushchikhsya zaochnoi formy obucheniya [Age-related features of educational motivation among distance learning students]. Obrazovanie i obshchestvo = Education and Society, 2023, no. 6(143), pp. 117-124. (In Russ.).
12. Merikova M.A., Kozyreva N.V., Radchikova N.P. Vzaimosvyaz’ motivatsii i uspeshnosti obucheniya studentov pri raznykh formakh obucheniya [Correlation between students’ motivation and learning performance in different types of education] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Aktual’nye problemy psikhologicheskogo znaniya = Actual Problems of Psychological Knowledge, 2023, no. 3 (64), pp. 239–253. doi:10.51944/20738544_2023_3_239 (In Russ.).
13. Radchikova N.P., Odintsova M.A., Sorokova M.G. Predposylki dlya prinyatiya tsifrovoi obrazovatel’noi sredy v novykh kul’turno-istoricheskikh usloviyakh [Prerequisites for Accepting the Digital Educational Environment in New Cultural and Historical Conditions] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Kul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2021. Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 115–124. doi:10.17759/chp.2021170315 (In Russ.).
14. Rice F.Ph., Dolgin K.G. Psikhologiya podrostkovogo i yunosheskogo vozrasta [The Adolescent]. 12 Moscow: Publ. Piter, 2018. 812 p. (In Russ.).
15. Rasskazova E.I., Soldatova G.U. Psikhologicheskie i pol’zovatel’skie prediktory otnosheniya k uchebe studentov v period distantsionnogo obucheniya v usloviyakh pandemii [Psychological and User Activity Predictors of Attitude toward Learning in Students during Digitalization of Education in Pandemic] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki = Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 26-44. doi:10.17323/1813- 8918-2022-1-26-44 (In Russ.).
16. Sorokova M.G., Odintsova M.A., Radchikova N.P. Obrazovatel’nye rezul’taty studentov v elektronnykh kursakh pri smeshannom i onlain-obuchenii [Students Educational Results in Blended and Online E-Courses] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Modelirovanie i analiz dannykh = Modeling and Data Analysis, 2021. Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 61–77. doi:10.17759/mda.2021110105 (In Russ.).
17. Frolova S.V., Esina S.V., Pribylova N.G. Spetsifika motivatsionnoi sfery studentov v usloviyakh distatsionnogo obucheniya [The specificity of the motivational sphere of students in distance learning] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Nauchnoe mnenie = Scientific Opinion, 2022, no. 3, pp. 74-80. doi:10.25807/22224378_2022_3_74 (In Russ.).
18. Khangeldieva I.G. Tsifrovaya epokha: vozmozhno li operezhayushchee obrazovanie? [Digital age: is it possible to outstrip education?] [Elektronnyi resurs]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 20: Pedagogicheskoe obrazovanie = Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, 2018, no. 3, pp. 48–60. doi:10.51314/2073-2635-2018-3-48-60 (In Russ.).
19. Chumachenko D.V. Obrazovatel’nye itogi distantsionnogo obucheniya v srednei shkole [Educational Results of Online Learning at School] [Elektronnyi resurs]. In Rubtsov V.V., Sorokova M.G., Radchikova N.P. (Eds). Tsifrovaya gumanitaristika i tekhnologii v obrazovanii (DHTE 2022): Sbornik statei III Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem (g. Moskva, 17–18 noyabrya 2022 goda) [Digital Humanities and Technology in Education (DHTE 2022): Collection of Articles of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation. November 17-18, 2022]. Moscow: Publ. MSUPE, 2022, pp. 399–406. URL: https://psyjournals.ru/nonserialpublications/dhte2022/contents/Chumachenko (Accessed 15.06.2024). (In Russ.).
20. Yamaletdinova I.S. Issledovanie prichin trudnostei v obuchenii podrostkov [Research into the causes of adolescent learning difficulties]. Studencheskii = Student’s, 2023, no. 15 (227). (In Russ.).
21. Garrote A., Niederbacher E., Hofmann J., Rösti I., Neuenschwander M.P. Teacher Expectations and Parental Stress During Emergency Distance Learning and Their Relationship to Students’ Perception. Frontiers in Psychology, 2021. Vol. 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712447
22. Howard J.L., Bureau J., Guay F., Chong J.X.Y., Ryan R.M. Student Motivation and Associated Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis from Self-Determination Theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2021. Vol. 16, no. 6. doi:10.1177/1745691620966789
23. Novikova I.A., Bychkova P.A., Novikov A.L., Shlyakhta D.A. Personality Traits and Academic Motivation as Predictors of Attitudes towards Digital Educational Technologies among Russian University Students. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 2022. Vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 689–716. doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2022-19-4-689-716
24. Vasilevskaya E.Yu., Molchanova O.N. Possible selves and academic motivation in Russian and American college students. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2021. Vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 352–365. doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2021-2-352-365