Патологическое использование и зависимость от социальных сетей — анализ с позиций феноменологии аддиктивного поведения

Статья обобщает материалы зарубежной и российской литературы, касающиеся патологического использования и зависимости от социальных сетей, сходства и отличий данного феномена от других видов зависимого поведения в Интернете. В обзоре приводятся данные, указывающие на существование зависимости от социальных сетей как самостоятельного расстройства. Отличия от интернет-зависимости касаются прежде всего эффектов социальных взаимодействий, в то же время во многих исследованиях подтверждено взаимное перекрывание другими электронными зависимостями (к примеру, от смартфона, Интернета, сетевых игр и т. д.). Чрезмерное использование социальных сетей часто ассоциировано с другими поведенческими зависимостями, такими как пищевая зависимость, зависимость от покупок, гейминг, а также с рядом других проблем психологического здоровья (тревогой, депрессией, низкой самооценкой, мыслями о суициде и т. д.). В качестве личностных факторов зависимости в литературе чаще всего упоминаются повышенный нейротизм, экстраверсия, сниженная сознательность, а также склонность к эмоциональному общению, иногда авантюризм, склонность к позерству и самолюбованию. Для клинических и научных целей в Дании разработаны Бергенская шкала зависимости от социальных сетей (the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS)) и Бергенская шкала зависимости от Фейсбука (the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS)). Оба теста адаптированы во многих странах мира, их широкое использование позволит уточнить распространенность данной зависимости в различных возрастных группах и выяснить ее ассоциации с другими видами зависимого поведения, нарушениями психического здоровья и особенностями личности.

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