Осознанное внимание и сочувствие к себе как предикторы стилей юмора

Такие конструкты, как осознанное внимание (mindfulness) и сочувствие к себе (self-compassion) все больше привлекают внимание исследователей из западных стран, так как обусловливают различные аспекты душевного здоровья и позитивного настроя человека и коррелируют с данными показателями. В то же время недостаточно исследованными являются связи этих конструктов со стилями юмора, которые также связаны с эмоциональным благополучием. Задачей настоящего исследования являлось изучение того, связаны ли осознанное внимание и сочувствие к себе с использованием адаптивных и дезадаптивных стилей юмора и изменяются ли эти связи под влиянием культурного фактора. В исследовании приняли участие 90 студентов из США и 106 — из России. Им были предложены опросники: шкала осознанного внимания (MAAS; Brown, Ryan, 2003), краткий вариант шкалы на сочувствие к себе (SCS-SF; Raes, Pommier, Neff, Van Gucht, 2011) и опросник стилей юмора (HSQ; Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, Weir, 2003). Наши результаты показали, что осознанное внимание и сочувствие к себе коррелируют со стилями юмора: при относительно высокой выраженности этих характеристик респонденты в большей степени склонны использовать адаптивные стили юмора и менее склонны к использованию неадаптивных стилей. В то же время, корреляции этих двух характеристик с выбором стилей юмора в определенной мере обусловлены фактором культуры.

The results of our multiple regression analyses suggest that mindfulness and self- compassion, as well as culture can predict humor styles but they do so differently depending on the humor style. The predictive ability of the above variables is the strongest for the two healthy humor types.

1. Apte M.L. Humor and laughter: An anthropological approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. 317 p.
2. Baer R.A. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2003. Vol. 10 (2), pp. 125—143. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.
3. Baer R.A., Lykins E.L.B., Peters J.R. Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2012. Vol. 7 (3), pp. 230—238. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2012.674548.
4. Baer R.A., Smith G.T., Hopkins J., Krietemeyer J., Toney L. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 2006. Vol. 13 (1), pp. 27—45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504
5. Bishop S.R., Lau M., Shapiro S., Anderson N., Carlson L., Segal Z.V, et al. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2004. Vol. 11 (3), pp. 230—241. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph077
6. Bluth K., Blanton P.W. Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2013. doi: 10.1007/ s10826-013-9830-2.
7. Brown K.W., Ryan R.M. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003. Vol. 84 (4), pp. 822—848.
8. Christopher M.S., Charoensuk  S.,  Gilbert  B.D.,  Neary  T.J.,  Pearce  K.L.  Mindfulness in Thailand and the United States: A case of apples versus oranges? Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009. Vol. 65 (6), pp. 590—612. doi:10.1002/jclp.20580.
9. Edwards L.R., Martin, R.A. The conceptualization, measurement, and role of humor as a character strength in positive psychology. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 2014. Vol. 10 (3), pp. 505—518. doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i3.759
10. Goldstein J.H., McGhee P.E. The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and practical issues. New York: Academic Press, 1972. 294 p.
11. Golubev A.M. Priroda polnoty soznaniya. Adaptatsiya oprosnika vnimatel’nosti i osoznanosti MAAS. [The nature of fullness of consciousness. Adaptation of the scale on attention and mindfulness MAAS.] Vestnik NGU: Psihologiya, 2012. Vol. 6 (2), pp. 44—51.
12. Ivanova  E.M.,  Mitina  O.V.,  Stefanenko  E.A.,  Enikolopov  S.N.,  Babina  Yu.N., Zizganova G.A., Nizovskih N.A. Samounichizhitel’nyi yumor v Rossii i osobennosti stiley yumora moskvichei. [Self-defeating humor in Russia and humor styles of muscovites.] Sibirskiy Psihologicheskiy zhurnal, 2014, no. 51, pp. 163—175.
13. Ivanova E.M., Mitina O.V., Zaitseva A.S., Stefanenko E.A., Enikolopov S.N. Russkoyazychnaya adaptatsia oprosnika stilei umora R. Martina. [Russian adaptation of humor styles questionnaire by R. Martin]. Teoreticheskaya I eksperimentalnaya psihologiya, 2013, no. 6, pp. 71—85.
14. Kabat-Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 1982. Vol. 4 (1), pp. 33—47.
15. Kabat-Zinn J. Full catastrophe living. New York: Delacorte Press, 1990. 453 p.
16. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2003. no. 10, pp. 144—156. doi:10.1093/clipsy/ bpg016
17. Kabat-Zinn J., Lipworth L., Burney R. The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1985. Vol. 8 (2), pp. 163—190.
18. Kearney D.J., McDermott K., Malte C., Martinez M., Simpson T.L. Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2013. Vol. 69 (1), pp. 14—27. doi:10.1002/jclp.21911
19. Keng S.-L., Smoski M.J., Robins C.J. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 2011. Vol. 31 (6), pp. 1041- 1056. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006.
20. Keng S.-L., Smoski M.J., Robins C.J., Ekblad A.G., Brantley J.G. Mechanisms of change in mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Self-compassion and mindfulness as mediators of intervention outcomes. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2012. Vol. 26 (3), pp. 270— 280. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.3.270
21. Khramtsova I. College students’ perceptions about sense of humor and about the use of humor in U.S. and Russian classrooms. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kansas State University: Manhattan, KS. 1996.
22. Leontiev D. Russian version of MAAS. Received in an email. 2011.
23. Liu K.W. Humor styles, self-esteem, and subjective happiness. Discovery-SS Student E-Journal, 2012. Vol. 1, pp. 21—41.
24. Mantzios M., Wison J., Giannou K. Psychometric properties of the Greek Versions of the Self-compassion and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales. Mindfulness, 2015. Vol. 6 (1), pp. 123—132. doi :10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3.
25. Martin R.A. Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 2001. Vol. 127 (4), pp. 504—519.
26. Martin R. A. Sense of humor. In S. J. Lopez, C. R. Synder (eds.), Handbook of positive psychological assessment. Washington, DC: APA. 2003. pp. 2—17
27. Martin R.A., Lefcourt H.M. Situational humor response questionnaire: Quantitative measure of the sense of humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984. Vol. 47, pp. 145—155.
28. Martin R.A., Puhlik-Doris P., Larsen G., Gray J., Weir K. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 2003. Vol. 37, pp. 48—75. doi:10.1016/ S0092-6566(02)00534-2
29. McGhee P.E. Humor: Its origin and development. San Francisco: Freeman, 1979. 251 p.
30. NeffK.D.Self-compassion:Analternativeconceptualizationofahealthyattitudetoward oneself. Self and Identity, 2003. Vol. 2 (2), pp. 85—101. doi: 10.1080/15298860390129863
31. Neff K.D. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2003b. no. 2, pp. 223—250. doi:10.1080/15298860390209035.
32. Neff K.D. Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2011. Vol. 5 (1), pp. 1—12. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x.
33. Neff K.D., Pisitsungkagarn K., Hsieh Y. Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2008. Vol. 39 (3), pp. 267—285. doi:10.1177/0022022108314544
34. Oman D., Shapiro S.L., Thoresen C.E., Plante T.G., Flinders T. Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of American College Health, 2008. Vol. 56 (5), pp. 569—578. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.5.569- 578.
35. Ozyesil Z., Deniz M.E., Kesici S. Mindfulness and five factor personality traits as predictors of humor. Studia Psychologica, 2013. Vol. 55 (1), pp. 33—45.
36. Peterson C., Seligman M. Classification of character strengths and virtues. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. 816 p.
37. Pugovkina O.D., Shilnikova Z.N. Kontseprsiya mindfulness: Nespetsificheskiy factor psihologicheskogo blagopoluchiya. [Concept of mindfulness: Non-specific factor of psychological well-being.] Sovremennaya Zarubezhnaya Psihologiya [,Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology]. 2014. no. 2, pp. 18—28.
38. Raab K. Mindfulness, self-compassion, and empathy among health care professional: A review of literature. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 2014. Vol. 20 (3), pp. 95—108. doi:10.1080/08854726.2014.913876.
39. Raes F., Pommier E., Neff K.D., Van Gucht D. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 2011. Vol. 18 (3), pp. 250—255. doi:10.1002/cpp.702
40. Seligman M.E.P., Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 2000. Vol. 55 (1), pp. 5—14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
41. Shapiro D.H. Overview: Clinical and physiological comparisons of meditation with other self-control strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1982. Vol. 139 (3), pp. 276— 274.
42. Shapiro S.L., Astin J.A., Bishop S.R., Cordova M. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 2005. Vol. 12 (2), pp. 164—176. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164
43. Shapiro S.L., Brown K.W., Biegel G.M. Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2007. Vol. 1 (2), pp. 105—115. doi:10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105
44. Shapiro S.L., Oman D., Thoresen C.E., Plante T.G., Flinders T. Cultivating mindfulness: Effects on well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2008. Vol. 64 (7), pp. 840—862. doi:10.1002/jclp.20491.
45. Soysa C.K, Wilcomb C.J. Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being. Mindfulness. 2013. doi: 10.1007/ s12671-013-0247-1.
46. Svebak S. Revised questionnaire on the sense of humor. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1974. Vol. 15 (4), pp. 328—331.
47. Taher D., Kazarian S.S., Martin R.A. Validation of the Arabic Humor Styles Questionnaire in a community sample of Lebanese in Lebanon. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2008. Vol. 39 (5). pp. 552—564. doi:10.1177/0022022108321177
48. Teasdale J.D., Segal Z.V., Williams J.M.G., Ridgeway V., Soulsby J., Lau M. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2000. Vol. 68 (4), pp. 615—623.
49. Thorson J.A., Powell F.C. Development and validation of a Multidimensional Sense of Humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1993. Vol. 49, pp. 13—23.
50. Thupten J. A fearless heart: How the courage to be compassionate can transform our lives. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press. 2015. 304 p.
51. Van Dam N.T., Sheppard S.C., Forsyth J.P., Earleywine M. Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2011. Vol. 25 (1), pp. 123—130. doi:10.1016/j. jandis.2010.08.011.