The Image of Judges and Courts Perceived by Children

167

Аннотация

A view on law, legislation, law-enforcement institutions and officers formed in childhood may affect personal views and behavior in adulthood. Development of such an image is important aspect of legal socialization process as it may be crucial for law compliance, interaction with law enforcement officers and trust in legal system, etc. The present study was focused at filling the gap in the studies revealing perceived image of judges and courts formed in childhood. 110 boys and 112 girls, aged 7 – 10, participated in the study. To evaluate the image of judges and courts Draw-A-Judge-Test followed by semi-structured interview was used. The results revealed that 7–10-year-olds have a more or less realistic mental picture of judges and their working place. No gender or age differences were revealed comparing both: realism and character of judge image in drawings. Realism of the drawings was related to the source of information about courts and judges. The analysis of verbal responses showed that younger children possess more positive environmental image of a court, while older children have less positive social image of a judge.

Общая информация

Ключевые слова: судьи, суды, представления, детские представления

Рубрика издания: Юридическая психология детства

Тип материала: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100112

Для цитаты: Чунихина К., Валицкас Г.В., Навицкас В., Пакалнишкиене В. The Image of Judges and Courts Perceived by Children [Электронный ресурс] // Психология и право. 2020. Том 10. № 1. С. 133–142. DOI: 10.17759/psylaw.2020100112

Литература

  1. Asimow, M., Greenfield, S., Jorge, G., Machura, S., Osborn, G., Robson, P., Sharp, C. and Sockloskie, R. Perceptions of lawyers: A transnational study of student views on the image of law and lawyers. International Journal of the Legal Profession. 2005, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 407–436.
  2. Aytas, M., Can, A. and Gul, R. Looking at Medusa: Television as a modern era's visual power tool and its role on the children's socialization. Journal of Research in Gender Studies. 2014, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1122–1131.
  3. Baring, R. Children’s image of God and their parents: Explorations in children’s spirituality. International Journal of Children's Spirituality. 2012, vol. 17, no.4, pp. 277–289.
  4. Caldeira, G.A. Children’s images of the Supreme Court: A preliminary mapping. Law & Society Review. 1977, vol. 11, no.5, pp. 851–871.
  5. Carlo, G., Knight, G., Eisenberg, N. and Rotenberg, K.J. Cognitive processes and prosocial behaviors among children: The role of affective attributions and reconciliations. Developmental Psychology. 1991, vol., 27, no. 3, pp. 456–461.
  6. Chambers, D.W.  Stereotypic images of the scientist: The draw-a-scientist test. Science Education. 1983, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 255–265.
  7. Cornelissen, J. Corporate image: An audience centered model. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 2000, vol. 5, no.2, pp. 119–125.
  8. Derbyshire, R.L. Children’s perceptions of the police: A comparative study of attitudes and attitude change. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science. 1968, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 183–190.
  9. Derocher, R.J. The court of public opinion: Bars launch efforts to improve image of lawyers. Bar Leader. 2003, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 10–13.
  10. Dickie, J.R., Eshleman, A.K., Merasco, D.M., Shepard, A., Wilt, M.V. and Johnson, M. Parent-child relationships and children‘s images of God. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1997, vol. 36, no.1, pp. 25–43.
  11. Fagan, J., Tyler, T.R.  Legal socialization of children and adolescents. Social Justice Research. 2005, vol. 18, pp. 217–242.
  12. Fine, A., Cavanagh, C., Donley, S., Frick, P.J., Steinberg L. and Cauffman E. The role of peer arrests on the development of youths’ attitudes towards the justice system. Law and Human Behavior. 2016, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 211–218.
  13. Greenstein, F.I.  The benevolent leader revisited: Children's images of political leaders in three democracies. The American Political Science Review. 1975, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1371–1398.
  14. Gurevitch, M., Danet, B. and Schwartz, G. The image of the police in Israel. Law & Society Review. 1971, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 367–388.
  15. Hastie, W.H. Judicial role and judicial image. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1973, vol. 121, no. 5, pp. 947–961.
  16. Hinds, L. Building police–youth relationships: The importance of procedural justice. Youth Justice. 2007, vol. 7, pp. 195–209.
  17. Karst, K.L. Law, cultural conflict, and the socialization of children. California Law Review. 2003, vol. 91, pp. 967–1028.
  18. Lee, M. and McGovern, A. Force to sell: Policing the image and manufacturing public confidence. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. 2013, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 103–124.
  19. Lemmink, J., Schuijf, A. and Streukens, S. The role of corporate image and company employment image in explaining application intentions. Journal of Economic Psychology. 2003, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
  20. Lim, V.K.G., Teo, T.S.H. and See, S.K.B. Perceived job image among police officers in Singapore: Factorial dimensions and differential effects. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2000, vol. 140, no.  6, pp. 740–750.
  21. Low, J. and Durkin, K. Children’s understanding of events and criminal justice processes in police programs. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 1997, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 179–205.
  22. Low, J. and Durkin, K. Children’s conceptualization of law enforcement on television and in real life. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 2001, vol., 6, pp. 197–214.
  23. Murphy, M.J. Improving the law enforcement image. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. 1965, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 105–108.
  24. Oppenheimer, L. The development of enemy images in Dutch children: Measurement and initial findings. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2005, vol. 23, pp. 645–660.
  25. Oppenheimer, L. The development of enemy images: A theoretical contribution. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 2006, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 269–292.
  26. Özel, M. Children’s images of scientists: Does grade level make a difference? Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 2012, vol. 12, pp. 3187–3198.
  27. Piaget, J. The child‘s conception of the world. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.
  28. Piaget, J. Vaiko kalba ir mąstymas: vaiko logikos tyrinėjimai. Vilnius: Aidai, 2002.
  29. Piquero, A.R., Fagan, J., Mulvey, E.P., Steinberg, L. and Odgers, C. Developmental trajectories of legal socialization among serious adolescent offenders. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 2005, vol. 96, no.1, pp. 267–298.
  30. Piquero, A.R., Bersani, B.E., Loughran, T.A. and Fagan, J. Longitudinal patterns of legal socialization in first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and native-born serious youthful offenders. Crime and Delinquency. 2016, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1403–1425.
  31. Raty, H., Snellman, L. Children’s images of an intelligent person. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1997, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 773–784.
  32. Salzmann, V.S. and Dunwoody, P.T. Prime-time lies: Do portrayals of lawyers influence how people think about the legal profession? SMU Law Review. 2005, vol. 58, pp. 411–462. 
  33. Si, S.X. and Hitt, M.A. A study of organizational image resulting from international joint ventures in transitional economies. Journal of Business Research. 2004, vol. 57, pp. 1370–1377.
  34. Siegel, G.W. The public's image of the juvenile court. Juvenile Court Judges Journal . 1964, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 7–12.
  35. Smolla, R.A. The poor image of the profession and the ethical pressures on the modern lawyer. Social Responsibility: Business, Journalism, Law, Medicine. 1997, vol. 23, pp. 42–52.
  36. Stoleriu, A. The image of Divinity in children’s perception. Social, cultural and artistic influences. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala. 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 119–131.
  37. Taylor, T.R., Turner, K.B., Esbensen, F.-A. and Winfree, L.T. Coppin’ an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police. Journal of Criminal Justice. 2001, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 295–305.
  38. Teichman, Y. and Zafrir, H. Images held by Jewish and Arab children in Israel of people representing their own and the other group. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2003, vol. 34, pp. 658–676.
  39. Tran, M.A., Nguyen, B., Melewar, T.C. and Bodoh, J. Exploring the corporate image formation process. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 2015, vol.18, no. 1, pp. 86–114.
  40. Trinkner, R. and Cohn, E.S. Putting the “social” back in legal socialization: Procedural justice, legitimacy and cynicism in legal and nonlegal authorities. Law and Human Behavior. 2014, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 602–617.
  41. Trinkner, R. and Tyler, T.R. Legal socialization: Coercion versus consent in an era of mistrust. Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 2016, vol. 12, pp. 417–439.
  42. Tyler, T.R. and Trinkner, R. Why children follow rules: Legal socialization and the development of legitimacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  43. Valickas, G., Justickis, V., Vanagaitė, K. and Voropaj, K. Procedūrinis teisingumas ir žmonių pasitikėjimas teisėsaugos pareigūnais bei institucijomis. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2013.
  44. Vidal, S., Cleary, H., Woolard, J. and Michel, J. Adolescents’ legal socialization: Effects of interrogation and Miranda knowledge on legitimacy, cynicism and procedural justice. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 2017, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 419–440.
  45. Woolard, J.L., Harvell, S. and Graham, S. Anticipatory injustice among adolescents: Age and racial / ethnic differences in perceived unfairness of the justice system. Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 2008, vol. 26, pp. 207–226.
  46. Worcester, R. Reflections on corporate reputations. Management Decision. 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 573–589.
  47. Zhai, J., Jocz, J. A. and Tan, A.-L. ‘Am I like a scientist?’: Primary children’s images of doing science in school. International Journal of Science Education. 2014, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 553–576.

Информация об авторах

Чунихина Ксения, кандидат психологических наук, психолог, Вильнюсский университет, Вильнюс, Литва, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-842X, e-mail: ksenija.cunichina@fsf.vu.lt

Валицкас Гинтаутас Валерьевич, PhD, профессор, профессор, заведующий кафедрой психологии, Вильнюсский государственный университет, Вильнюс, Литва, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7172, e-mail: gintautas.valickas@fsf.vu.lt

Навицкас Витаутас, кандидат психологических наук, профессор, Вильнюсский университет, Вильнюс, Литва, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-6229

Пакалнишкиене Вильмонте, кандидат психологических наук, доцент, доцент, Вильнюсский университет, Вильнюс, Литва, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-2910

Метрики

Просмотров

Всего: 530
В прошлом месяце: 2
В текущем месяце: 7

Скачиваний

Всего: 167
В прошлом месяце: 0
В текущем месяце: 1