Социально-психологическая модель восприятия чужого: идентичность, знание, амбивалентность

Восприятие чужого в современных социально-психологических исследованиях –новая тема. Основываясь на философском и социологическом подходах, Шефери Шлёдер представили модель восприятия чужого (Schäfer, Schlöder, 1994).В рамках этой концепции чужое понимается в контексте самопонимания и самоопределения (идентичности) воспринимающего человека или социальной структуры. В качестве главных компонентов идентичности рассматриваются предписывающие, то есть направляющие поведение компоненты собственного знания, которые, будучи связаны с социальными ценностями, относятся также и к потребности в признании. Предполагается, что чужое сигнализирует об отклонении от главных аспектов идентичности человека и тем самым ставит под сомнение его собственную идентичность. Из-за недостатка информации и опыта контактов с чужим человеком индивид какое-то время не может решить, как следует понимать это отклонение – как благоприятный шанс или как опасность. В результате возникает амбивалентная реакция. Наряду с этой неосведомленностью в узком смысле в данной модели рассматриваются также последующие этапы восприятия чужого, которые, однако, приводят к возникновению других по качеству реакций (безразличия или негативного и позитивного отношения).

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