Клиническая и специальная психология
2023. Том 12. № 2. С. 70–93
doi:10.17759/cpse.2023120204
ISSN: 2304-0394 (online)
Посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство после родов: обзор исследований
Аннотация
Посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство (ПТСР) после родов — достаточно распространенное явление, имеющее долгосрочные негативные последствия для матери и ребенка. Согласно различным исследованиям, от 3% до 45,5% женщин воспринимают свой опыт родов как травматичный, и у 3,1–43% женщин впоследствии развивается послеродовое ПТСР. ПТСР после родов находится в поле внимания исследователей не так давно, поэтому необходима систематизация знаний, полученных на данный момент по этой теме. В работе представлен обзор зарубежных исследований, посвященных факторам риска ПТСР после родов, в том числе роли прошлого травматического опыта, а также негативным последствиям расстройства для психического здоровья женщины и развития ребенка. Поскольку задача общества и специалистов состоит в снижении распространенности расстройства, в статье описаны данные о протективных факторах, снижающих риски развития ПТСР после родов. Так, корректное взаимодействие между рожающей женщиной и медицинским персоналом, немедицинская поддержка в родах и психологическая помощь после травматических родов могут существенно снижать вероятность развития расстройства.
Общая информация
Ключевые слова: послеродовой период, пост-травматическое стрессовое расстройство (ПТСР), перинатальная психология, роды, акушерское насилие, немедицинская поддержка в родах, психологическая травма
Рубрика издания: Тревога и депрессия: симптомы, предикторы, последствия
Тип материала: научная статья
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2023120204
Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (РНФ) в рамках научного проекта № 22-18-00356 «ПТСР и послеродовая депрессия у матерей как фактор риска для эмоционально-когнитивного развития ребенка».
Получена: 29.03.2023
Принята в печать:
Для цитаты: Якупова В.А., Аникеева М.А., Суарэз А.Д. Посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство после родов: обзор исследований [Электронный ресурс] // Клиническая и специальная психология. 2023. Том 12. № 2. С. 70–93. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2023120204
Полный текст
Введение
Методы
Факторы риска ПТСР после родов
2. Интранатальные факторы риска включают экстренные акушерские вмешательства во время родов и осложнения со стороны новорожденного [125; 134], медицинские вмешательства в роды [3; 4; 120; 134], тяжелые осложнения у матери, особенно преэклампсию тяжелой степени [46; 134], преждевременные роды [125], инструментальные роды (наложение щипцов или вакуум-экстракцию плода) [44; 58; 67; 71; 134], кесарево сечение по выбору [88], экстренное кесарево сечение [26; 44; 58; 59; 71; 88; 125], сохранение сознания и болевой чувствительности во время общей анестезии [134], осложнения, связанные с анестезией [134], разрыв промежности III-IV степеней [67], субъективно негативную оценку опыта родов [71; 134], минимальную поддержку со стороны медперсонала и партнера во время схваток и потуг [3; 4; 71; 92; 120; 125; 134], боль, испытываемую женщиной во время родов [120; 134], диссоциацию (ощущение нереальности происходящего, нарушение контакта со своим телом) [3; 26; 71], ощущение утраты контроля над ситуацией [58; 134], вербальное [48; 88; 89] или психоэмоциональное акушерское насилие [88; 89], проявление неуважения со стороны медперсонала и несоблюдение индивидуального плана родов [88; 89], использование клизмы [90], прием Кристеллера или давление на дно матки во время родов [67; 90], требование постоянно лежать во время схваток и потуг [90], искусственный разрыв плодных оболочек без согласия женщины [90], применение искусственного окситоцина без согласия женщины [90], многочисленные вагинальные осмотры, выполняемые разными людьми [90], ручное отделение плаценты без обезболивания [90].
3. Постнатальные факторы риска включают хирургическое вмешательство в послеродовом периоде [89], послеродовое кровотечение [133; 134], повторное поступление в стационар [89], поступление в отделение реанимации [88], искусственное вскармливание ребенка на момент выписки из роддома [88; 89], осложнения со стороны новорожденного [125; 134], поступление ребенка в отделение интенсивной терапии новорожденных [88], сложную адаптацию, стресс и депрессию [71], неудовлетворенность женщины уровнем социальной поддержки [26]. Также в качестве рисков развития ПТСР после родов исследователи выделяют послеродовую депрессию и нарушения сна [43; 84].
ПТСР после родов и опыт насилия
Они пережили объективацию их тел медицинским персоналом как унижение человеческого достоинства, особенно когда их заставляли вставать на четвереньки или выставляли их тела на обозрение многочисленных медицинских работников [18]. Присутствие практикантов повышало риск развития послеродового ПТСР [17; 58; 62].
В результате такие женщины подвергаются инвазивным акушерским осмотрам и вмешательствам чаще, чем это рекомендуется [122]. Таким образом, женщины, которые с большей вероятностью испытают острый дистресс во время акушерских процедур, наименее способны сообщить медицинским работникам об испытываемом ими состоянии.
Последствия ПТСР после родов
Протективные факторы и профилактика ПТСР после родов
Обсуждение результатов
В связи с этим риски ПТСР после родов могут быть существенно снижены благодаря психологическому просвещению, сопровождению женщин в родах и патронажу после родов, обучению медиков основам эффективной и этичной коммуникации. Также простое присутствие вместе с женщиной на родах ее близких может создавать психологический комфорт, снижать риски столкновения с акушерским насилием и развития ПТСР после родов в целом.
Ограничения и дальнейшие перспективы исследования
Заключение
Литература
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