Научно обоснованные методы психотерапии для детей дошкольного возраста: краткий обзор для клиницистов

Несмотря на растущий консенсус в отношении того, что клинические вмешательства должны подкрепляться эмпирическими данными, дети дошкольного возраста чаще, чем дети более старшего возраста, получают психологическую помощь с минимальной эмпирической поддержкой или без нее. Распространение результатов исследований об эффективности конкретных вмешательств сдерживается ограниченным доступом клиницистов к рецензируемым научным журналам и руководствам по лечению. Настоящая статья представляет собой обобщение литературы по психологическому лечению детей с проблемами интернализации и экстернализации поведения, а также помощи их родителям или семьям. В обзоре освещаются ключевые принципы и подходы к лечению, подтвержденные фактическими данными, чтобы клиницисты могли легко применять эти доказательные методы. Подходы, которые имеют наибольшую эмпирическую поддержку для проблем экстернализации, — это обучение управлению поведением родителей (PBMT), терапия взаимодействия родителей и детей (PCIT) и когнитивно-поведенческая терапия (КПТ (CBT); в индивидуальном или групповом формате, включая группы по социальным навыкам). Что касается проблем интернализации, исследования показывают, что семейная и групповая родительская КПТ (отдельно или в сочетании с групповой детской КПТ), ориентированная на травму КПТ и адаптированные версии PCIT являются наиболее научно обоснованными методами психологической помощи детям дошкольного возраста. Обсуждаются общие принципы, которые входят в ряд научно обоснованных методов лечения детей дошкольного возраста, рекомендации для врачей и для научного сообщества.

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