Homo Legens: A person Reading

The article raises the problem of the psychology of fiction as a form of art from the standpoint of cultural and historical methodology. Separately, based on the ideas of M.M. Bakhtin about the dialogic nature of the text and A.N. Leontiev about the communicative nature of art, issues related to the creation of works of art and their understanding are considered, which is reflected in the sections "the work of the author" and "the work of the reader". The meeting of the author and the reader means the birth of Homo Legens - the Reading Man: this publication is devoted to the study of this phenomenon. Fiction (as the author's work) can be analyzed in two ways: on the one hand, it acts as an object of psychological research, and on the other - its subject, an independent carrier of psychological knowledge. In the first case, literature is either an object of scientific and psychological study, or its means; in the second, the possibility of treating literature as a carrier of extra-scientific psychological knowledge is substantiated, which determines its its psychotechnical effect on the reader. The reader's perception of a literary work (the reader's work) is analyzed from artistic and scientific positions, which complement each other. Based on L.S. Vygotsky's ideas about the activity of aesthetic experience and P.Ya. Galperin's doctrine of interiorization, the point of view is substantiated according to which the reader's understanding of a literary work is a process of its active recreation, which is consonant with V.F. Asmus's ideas about reading as creativity. In conclusion, using fiction as an example, a conclusion is made about the productivity of turning to scientific and non-scientific (literary) sources of psychological knowledge in developing issues of the psychology of art.

1. Azbukin D.I. Otrazhenie v russkoi khudozhestvennoi literature gumanisticheskogo otnosheniya k detyam-oligofrenam [Reflection of the humanistic attitude towards oligophrenic children in Russian fiction]. Uchenye zapiski MGPI imeni V.I. Lenina. [Scientific notes of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin], 1947, no 49, pp. 285—297. (In Russ.).
2. Anan'ev B.G. Zadachi psikhologii iskusstva [The tasks of the psychology of art]. In Meilakh B.S. (ed.) Khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo: voprosy kompleksnogo izucheniya [Artistic creativity: issues of comprehensive study]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1982, pp. 236—242. (In Russ.).
3. Asmus V.F. Chtenie kak trud i tvorchestvo [Reading as work and creativity]. In Asmus V.F. (ed.) Voprosy teorii i istorii estetiki [Questions of the theory and history of aesthetics]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968, pp. 55—68. (In Russ.).
4. Bakhtin M.M. K metodologii gumanitarnykh nauk [Towards the methodology of the Humanities]. In Bocharov S.G. (ed.) Bakhtin M.M. Estetika slovesnogo tvorchestva [Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1979, pp. 361—373. (In Russ.).
5. Bratus' B.S. O meste khudozhestvennoi literatury v postroenii nauchnoi kontseptsii lichnosti [On the place of fiction in the construction of a scientific concept of personality]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya [Lomonosov Psychology Journal]. 1985, no 2, pp. 54—61. (In Russ.).
6. Vasilyuk F.E. Psikhologiya perezhivaniya (analiz preodoleniya kriticheskikh situatsii) [Psychology of experience (analysis of overcoming critical situations)]. Moscow: Publ. MGU, 1984. 200 p. (In Russ.).
7. Vygotsky L.S. Sobranie sochinenii: v 6 t. T.5. Osnovy defektologii [Collected Works: in 6 vol. Vol.5. Fundamentals of defectology]. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1983. 368 p. (In Russ.).
8. Vygotsky L.S. Psikhologiya iskusstva [Psychology of Art]. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1987. 344 p. (In Russ.).
9. Vygotsky L.S. Pedagogicheskaya psixologiya [Educational psychology]. Moscow: Pedagogika. 1991. 480 р. (In Russ.).
10. Gal'perin P.Ya. Psikhologiya: predmet i metod. Izbrannye psikhologicheskie Trudy [Psychology: subject and method. Selected psychological works.]. Moscow: Moscow Publishing House, 843 p. (In Russ.).
11. Genis, A. Kamasutra knizhnika: Uroki chteniya [Scribe's Kama Sutra: Reading Lessons]. Moscow: AST Publishing House: Edited by Elena Shubina. 2020. 347 p. (In Russ.).
12. Ginzburg L.Ya. O psikhologicheskoi proze [About psychological prose]. Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaya literatura. 1977, 443 p. (In Russ.).
13. Gulyga, A. «Povest` o razume» M.Zoshhenko ["The Tale of Reason" M. Zoshchenko]. Znamya [Znamya], 1972, no 3, pp.141-144. (In Russ.).
14. Gulyga A. Razum pobezhdaet (O nauchno-xudozhestvenny`x povestyax M.Zoshhenko). [Reason wins (On the scientific and artistic stories of M. Zoshchenko)]. In.: M. Zoshchenko. Vozvrashhennaya molodost`; Golubaya kniga; Pered vosxodom solncza: Povesti [Returned youth; Blue Book; Before sunrise: Tales]. Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaya literature. 1988, pp. 700-715). (In Russ.).
15. Ermakov I.D. Psikhoanaliz literatury: Pushkin. Gogol'. Dostoevskii [Psychoanalysis of literature: Pushkin. Gogol. Dostoevsky] Etkind A., M.I. Davydova M.I. (Vstupit. st.) Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozreniya. 1999, 509 p. (In Russ.).
16. Zinchenko V.P. Psikhologicheskie osnovy pedagogiki. (Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie osnovy postroeniya sistemy razvivayushchego obucheniya D.B.El'konina-V.V.Davydova) [Psychological foundations of pedagogy. (Psychological and pedagogical foundations of building a system of developmental education by D.B.Elkonin-V.V.Davydov).]. Moscow: Gardariki, 2002, 431 p. (In Russ.).
17. Zinchenko V.P. Psikhologiya iskusstva [Psychology of Art]. In Meshcheryakov B, Zinchenko V. (eds) Bol'shoi psikhologicheskii slovar' [A large psychological dictionary]. Saint-Petersburg: Praim-Evroznak, 2003, pp. 438—440. (In Russ.).
18. Zinchenko V.P. Psikhologicheskie aspekty vliyaniya iskusstva na cheloveka [Psychological aspects of the influence of art on a person]. Kul'turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2006, no 4, pp. 3—21. (In Russ.).
19. Zoshchenko M.M. Povest' o razume [The Tale of the Mind]. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1990, 192 p. (In Russ.).
20. Klimov E.A. O psikhologicheskom znanii v «Predislovii» k «Vecheram na khutore…» N.V. Gogolya [About psychological knowledge in the "Preface" to "Evenings on the farm..." by N.V. Gogol]. Voprosy psikhologii [Issues of psychology], 2001, no 1, pp. 66—72. (In Russ.).
21. Korol'kova A.V. Slovar' frazeologizmov russkikh pisatelei [Dictionary of phraseological units of Russian writers] Korol'kova A.V., Lomov A.G., Tikhonov A.N. (eds). Moscow: Russkii yazyk-Media, 2004. 627 p. (In Russ.).
22. Leontiev, A.A. (1963). Vozniknovenie i pervonachal`noe razvitie yazy`ka [Emergence and initial development of the language]. Moscow: Izdatel`stvo Akademii nauk SSSR,1963. 139 p. (In Russ.).
23. Leontiev, A.A. Osnovy` psixolingvistiki [Fundamentals of psycholinguistics]. Moscow: Smy`sl, 1997a, 287 p. (In Russ.).
24. Leontiev, A.A. Psixologiya obshheniya [Psychology of communication]. Moscow: Smy`sl, 1997b. 365 p. (In Russ.).
25. Leontiev, A.A. Puteshestvie po karte yazy`kov mira [World language map travel]. Moscow: Izdatel`skij dom Meshheryakova, 2008. 352 p. (In Russ.).
26. Leontiev, D.A. Vvedenie v psixologiyu iskusstva Puteshestvie po karte yazy`kov mira [Introduction to art psychology]. Moscow: MSU, 1998. 111 p. (In Russ.).
27. Leontiev, D.A., Sobkin, V.S. Psixologiya iskusstva i psixologicheskaya metodologiya v rannix rabotax L.S.Vy`gotskogo [Psychology of art and psychological methodology in the early works of L.S. Vygotsky]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya [Lomonosov Psychology Journal]. 1994, no 4, pp. 35—44. (In Russ.).
28. Leont'ev A.N. Deyatel'nost'. Soznanie. Lichnost' [Activity. Conscience. Personality]. Moscow: Politizdat, 1975. 304 p. (In Russ.).
29. Leont'ev A.N. Psikhologiya iskusstva i khudozhestvennaya literature [Psychology of Art and Fiction]. Literaturnaya ucheba [Literary studies], 1981, no 2, pp. 177—185. (In Russ.).
30. Leontiev, A.N. Vstupitel`naya stat`ya [Introductory article]. In: Vygotsky L.S. Psixologiya iskusstva. V.V.Ivanov (obshh. red.). [Psychology of art. General. ed. V.V. Ivanov (ed)]. 2 ed. (pp. 5-13). Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1986, pp. 5-13. (In Russ.).
31. Marshak S.Ya. Vospitanie slovom: stat'i, zametki, vospominaniya [Education with words: articles, notes, memories]. Saint Petersburg: Azbuka, Azbuka—Attikus, 2022. 416 p. (In Russ.).
32. Merezhkovskii D. S. L. Tolstoi i Dostoevskii. Vechnye sputniki [ Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Eternal companions]. Moscow: Respublika, 1995. 621 p. (In Russ.).
33. Morua A. Nadezhdy i vospominaniya [Hopes and Memories]. Moscow: Progress, 1983. 392 p. (In Russ.).
34. Moem S. Podvodya itogi [Summing up]. Moscow: Publ AST, 2018. 320 p. (In Russ.).
35. Obraztsov S.V. Po stupen'kam pamyati [Down the stairs of memory]. Moscow: Vremya. 2001. 317 p. (In Russ.).
36. Olport G. Lichnost': problema nauki ili iskusstva? [Personality: a problem of science or art?]. In Gippenreiter Yu.B., Puzyrei A.A. (eds.) Psikhologiya lichnosti. Teksty [Psychology of personality. Lyrics]. Moscow: Publ. MGU. 1982, pp. 208—215. (In Russ.).Paustovskii K.G. Zolotaya roza [Golden rose].
37. Paustovskii K.G. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. V 2 t. T.2. [Paustovskii K.G. Selected works. In 2 vol. Vol.2.]. Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literature, 1977. Vol. 2, pp. 7—192. (In Russ.).
38. Pasternak B.L. Vozdushny`e puti. Proza razny`x let Air routes [Air routes. Prose of different years]. Moscow: Sovetskij pisatel`, 1983. 495 p. (In Russ.).
39. Povarnin S.I. Iskusstvo spora. Kak chitat' knigi [The art of argument. How to read books]. Moscow: Publ AST, 2022. 288 p. (In Russ.).
40. Ivanchenko G.V., Leont`ev D.A., Orliczky Yu.B. (eds). Poe`ziya: opy`t mezhdisciplinarnogo analiza [Poetry: experience in interdisciplinary analysis]. Moscow: Smy`sl, 2015. 480 p. (In Russ.).
41. Borisenko N.A., Karpova N.L., Dmitrenko S.F. (eds). Psikhologiya i literatura v dialoge o cheloveka [Psychology and literature in dialogue about man]. Moscow: Assotsiatsiya shkol'nykh bibliotek russkogo mira (RShBA), 2016. 368 p. (In Russ.).
42. Sobkin, V.S. L.S.Vy`gotskij i teatr: abris sociokul`turnogo konteksta [L.S. Vygotsky and theater: outline of the socio-cultural context]. In: Vygotsky L.S. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij: v 16 t.: T. 1. Dramaturgiya i teatr [Complete works: in 16 volumes: T. 1. Dramaturgy and theatre]. Moscow: Lev``, 2015, pp. 10-59. (In Russ.).
43. Sobkin, V.S. (2022). «Tragikomediya iskanij» L`va Vy`gotskogo: opy`t rekonstrukcii avtorskix smy`slov ["Tragicomedy of Searches" by Lev Vygotsky: experience in the reconstruction of author's meanings]. Moscow: MSU/ 2022. 103 p. (In Russ.).
44. Stepanova M.A. Psikhologicheskoe litso literatury [The psychological nature of literature]. Voprosy psikhologii [Issues of psychology], 2006, no 3, pp. 109—122. (In Russ.).
45. Strakhov I.V. Psikhologiya literaturnogo tvorchestva [Psychology of literary creativity]. Moscow: Institut prakticheskoi psikhologii; Voronezh: NPO «MODEK», 1998. 384 p. (In Russ.).
46. Tendryakov V.F. Iskusstvo i samopoznanie [Art and self-discovery]. Voprosy filosofii [Issues of philosophy], 1977, no 8, pp. 117—128. (In Russ.).
47. Teplov B.M. Zametki psikhologa pri chtenii khudozhestvennoi literatury [Notes from a psychologist when reading fiction]. Izbrannye trudy: V 2 t. [Selected works: In 2 vol. V.1]. Moscow: 1985, vol. 2. pp. 306—312. (In Russ.).
48. Tkhostov A.Sh. Formirovanie patologicheskikh form zavisimosti (Popytka psikhologicheskogo analiza romana «Gospoda Golovlevy») [Formation of pathological forms of addiction (An attempt at a psychological analysis of the novel “Gentlemen Golovlevs”). Psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Psychological journal], 2006, vol. 27, no 5. pp. 101—110. (In Russ.).
49. Frank S.L. Predmet znaniya. Dusha cheloveka [Subject of knowledge. Soul of man]. Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 1995. 655 p. (In Russ.).
50. Fromm E. Chelovek dlya sebya [A man for himself]. Minsk: Kharvest, 2003. 253 p. (In Russ.).
51. Tsvetaeva M.I. Ob iskusstve [About art]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1991. 478 p. (In Russ.).
52. Chizh V.F. Bolezn' N.V. Gogolya. Zapiski psikhiatra [Disease N.V. Gogol. Notes from a psychiatrist]. Unanyants N.T. (sost). Moscow: Respublika, 2001. 511 p. (In Russ.).
53. El'konin D.B. Izbrannye psikhologicheskie Trudy [Selected psychological works]. Davydov V.V., Zinchenko V.P. (eds). Moscow: Pedagogika, 1989. 554 p. (In Russ.).