Аdapting to a New Reality: A Review of International Studies on the Developmental Specificities of Children Deprived of Parental Care in Substitute Families and Through Adoption

This article analyzes the challenges encountered during the adoption of children or their placement in substitute families across various countries, with a focus on their adaptation, psychosocial development, cognitive abilities, and social integration. To achieve the objectives of this research, the scope was not limited to adopted children but extended to children deprived of parental care who were placed in alternative forms of family care (substitute families—such as guardianship families, including foster families). Foreign researchers differentiate between foster children: “substitute family” — raised in a foster or substitute family, “adopted children” — adopted, “looked after children” — under guardianship, “foster families” — temporary stay in families, (an analogue is the system of state care in Russia), who are waiting for a suitable family for upbringing and long-term residence. The possibility of studying this category of children is associated with the practice of open adoption prevalent in most countries. In contrast, the secrecy of adoption in Russia impedes the ability to track the developmental dynamics of children, particularly those adopted at an early age. The study examines key factors influencing the well-being of adopted children and children under kinship guardianship, including the impact of cultural differences, models of adoption (open and closed), early traumatic experiences, and the level of support provided to foster families. Special attention is paid to medical aspects, academic performance, psychological issues, and potential behavioral deviations. An analysis of international data identifies the primary challenges faced by adopted children, such as legal troubles, emotional instability, and difficulties in social integration. It is revealed that the source of psychological trauma in most cases lies in the pre-adoption period of the child's life, which often includes factors collectively referred to as adverse childhood experiences. Parental attention and warmth in relationships can significantly mitigate the challenges faced by children. The article underscores the importance of an interdisciplinary approach, including collaboration between government institutions, NGOs, and educational organizations, to minimize the negative effects of adverse childhood experiences and improve the quality of life for children.

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