Metamorphosis of the Identity of the Human Сompleted: from Digital Donor to Digital Centaur

Objective. Identification of formation vectors of technologically completed personality and analysis of the specificity of identity of its different types through the prism of opportunities and risks of its construction.
Background. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is gradually bringing us to the frontier of the steady transformation of the human being into a being increasingly connected to technology. Smartphones, computers, the Internet of Things, and AI assistants, which form an integral technosystem that mediates the everyday life of man, are complex cultural tools that become his complements and extensions – part of the personality. A new type of personality, technologically completed by advanced digital tools, is formed as the most important result of the modern stage of social and cognitive evolution of the human psyche in the conditions of digital transformations. Identity as an integrative personal formation is a key phenomenon for understanding the possible psychological transformations of a modern person in the conditions of convergence of online and offline worlds and determining the risks of various options of metamorphoses of technologically completed personality.
Methodology. Externalist approaches to the study of a person (L.S. Vygotsky, E. Clark, D. Chalmers, L. Malafouris, etc.), the socio-cognitive concept of digital socialization (G.U. Soldatova, A.E. Voyskunsky), concepts and approaches to the analysis of identity (E. Erikson, K. Rogers, I. Hoffman, G. Tajfel, J. Turner, S. Moscovici, J. Marcia, etc.).
Conclusions. The vectors of technologically extended personality are identified through the following types: digital natives, techno-conservatives, techno-isolationists, cyborgs, personoids, digital centaurs. Their main characteristics are described and the specifics of identity and possible risks of its development for each type are analyzed. One of the pre-adaptive vectors of identity transformation is the transition from digital natives-donors to digital centaurs.

1. Andreeva G.M. K voprosu o krizise identichnosti v usloviyakh sotsial'nykh transformatsii [Elektronnyi resurs] [To the question of identity crisis in the conditions of social transformations]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya = Psychological research, Vol. 20, no. 42. DOI:10.54359/ps.v4i20.804 URL: https://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/article/view/804 (In Russ.).
2. Asmolov A.G., Shehter E.D., Chernorizov A.M. Preadaptatsiya k neopredelennosti: nepredskazuemye marshruty [Preadapting to uncertainty: unpredictable routes]. Мoscow, 2018. 212 p. (In Russ.).
3. Belinskaya E.P. Sovremennye issledovaniya identichnosti: ot strukturnoi opredelennosti k protsessual'nosti i nezavershennosti [Contemporary identity studies: from structural certainty to processuality and incompleteness]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Psikhologiya i pedagogika = Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology, 2018. Vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 6–15. DOI:10.21638/11701/ spbu16.2018.101 (In Russ.).
4. Vygotskii L.S. Instrumental'nyi metod v psikhologii [Instrumental method in psychology]. Vygotskii L.S. Sobranie sochinenii v 6 t. T. 1. Voprosy teorii i istorii psikhologii [Collected Works: in 6 vol. Vol. 1. Issues in the theory and history of psychology]. Moscow: Pedagogika, 1982, pp. 103–108 pp. (In Russ.).
5. Gofman I. Predstavlenie sebya drugim v povsednevnoi zhizni [Presenting oneself to others in everyday life]. Moscow: Kanon-Press-TS; Kuchkovo pole, 2000. 304 p. (In Russ.).
6. Zhuravlev A.L., Nestik T.A. Sotsial'no-psikhologicheskaya determinatsiya sposobnosti lichnosti k ispol'zovaniyu novykh tekhnologiy [Socio-psychological determination of the individual's readiness to use new technologies]. Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal = Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 2018. Vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 5–14. (In Russ.).
7. Klement'yeva M.V. Statusy virtual'noi identichnosti: ponyatie i metodika otsenki («Status VI») [The Virtual Identity Status: The Concept and Inventory (VISI)]. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki = Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics, 2024. Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 79–100. DOI:10.17323/1813-8918-2024-1-79-100 (In Russ.).
8. Kopteva N.V., Kalugin A.YU., Kozlova L.A. Psikhometricheskaya proverka utochnennoy versii oprosnika «Nevoploshchennost' v Internete» [Psychometric Verification of a Refined Version of the "Unembodiment on the Internet" Questionnaire]. Klinicheskaya i spetsial'naya psikhologiya = Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 2023. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 165–187. DOI:10.17759/cpse.2023120308 (In Russ.).
9. Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metafory, kotorymi my zhivem [Metaphors we live by]. Moscow: URSS, 2023. (In Russ.).
10. Lem S. Absolyutnaya pustota [Absolute Emptiness]: per. s pol'sk. V. Kulaginoy-Yartsevoy, Ye. Vaysbrot, K. Dushenko, Ye. Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2019. 288 p. (In Russ.).
11. Marcinkovskaya T. Sovremennaya psikhologiya – vyzovy tranzitivnosti [Elektronnyi resurs] [Contemporary Psychology – Challenges of Transitivity]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya = Psychological research, Vol. 8, no. 42. DOI:10.54359/ps.v8i42.533
12. Rodzhers K. Kliyentotsentrirovannaya terapiya [Person-centered therapy]. Moscow: Refl-buk, 1997. 320 p. (In Russ.).
13. Sokolova Е.Т. Klinicheskaya psikhologiya utraty Ya [The clinical psychology of self-loss]. Moscow: Smysl, 2015. 895 p. (In Russ.).
14. Soldatova G.U. Psikhologiya mezhetnicheskoy perezhivayemosti [Psychology of interethnic tension]. Moscow: Smysl, 1998. 386 p. (In Russ.).
15. Soldatova G.U., Voyskunskiy A.Ye. Sotsial'no-kognitivnaya kontseptsiya tsifrovoy sotsializatsii: novaya ekosistema i sotsial'naya evolyutsiya psikhiki [Socio-Cognitive Concept of Digital Socialization: А New Ecosystem and Social Evolution of the Mind]. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki = Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2021. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 431–450. DOI:10.17323/1813-8918-2021-3-431-450 (In Russ.).
16. Soldatova G.U., Chigar'kova S.V., Ilyukhina S.N. Gotovnost' i opyt ispol'zovaniya tekhnologiy kak pokazateley progressivnoy molodezhi, podrostkovogo vozrasta i molodezhi [Readiness and experience of using technologies as indicators of digital extended personality of teenagers and youth]. Podrostok v megapolise: sb. trudov XVII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (g. Moskva, 9-10 aprelya 2024 g.) [Teenager in a metropolis: collection of works of the XVII International scientific and practical conference]. Moscow: HSE Publishing House, 2024, pp. 143–146. (In Russ.).
17. Soldatova G.U., Chigar'kova S.V., Ilyukhina S.N. YA-real'noe i YA-virtual'noe: identifikatsionnye matritsy podrostkov i vzroslykh [Real-Self and Virtual-Self: Identity Matrices of Adolescents and Adults]. Kul'turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya = Cultural-Historical Psychology, 2022. Vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 27–37. DOI:10.17759/chp.2022180403 (In Russ.).
18. Stefanenko T.G. Etnicheskaya identichnost': ot etnologii k sotsial'noi psikhologii [Ethnic identity: from ethnology to social psychology]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Serija 14. Psikhologiya = Vestnik of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, 2009, no. 2, pp. 3–17. (In Russ.).
19. Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo [The Sane Society]. Moscow: AST, 2005. 400 p. (In Russ.).
20. Khaksli D. Novya butylki dlya novogo vina [New Bottles for New Wines]: per. s angl. London: Chatto & Windu, 1957. 318 p. (In Russ.).
21. Erikson E. Identichnost': yunost' i krizis [Identity, youth and crisis]. Moscow: Progress, 1996. 344 p. (In Russ.).
22. Alichniewicz A., Michalowska M. A New Way of Coming-To-Be. In Michalowska M. (ed.). Humanity In-Between and Beyond. Springer Verlag, 2023, pp. 1–17.
23. Almourad M.B., et al. Defining digital addiction: Key features from the literature. Psihologija, Vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 237–253.
24. Bostrom N. Are you living in a computer simulation? Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 53, no. 211, pp. 243–255.
25. Bostrom N. Why I want to be a posthuman when I grow up. In More M., Vita-More N. (eds.). The transhumanist reader: Classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future. Whiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 28–53.
26. Brosnan M.J. Technophobia: The psychological impact of information technology. London: Routledge, 1998. 232 p.
27. Brubaker R. Hyperconnectivity and its discontents. Polity, 2022. 288 p.
28. Clark A., Chalmers D. The Extended Mind. Analysis, 1998. Vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 7–19.
29. Dell’Acqua F., et al. Navigating the jagged technological frontier: field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality [Electronic resource]. SSRN Electronic Journal, URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4573321 (Accessed 21.09.2024). DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4573321
30. Eliot L. AI ethics and the generational transition from digital natives to AI natives growing up amidst pervasive AI, including ubiquitous Self-Driving cars [Electronic resource]. Forbes, URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2022/06/12/ai-ethics-and-the-generational-transition-from-digital-natives-to-ai-natives-growing-up-amidst-pervasive-ai-including-ubiquitous-self-driving-cars/ (Accessed 07.10.2024).
31. FM-2030. Are You a Transhuman? Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World. Warner Books, 1989. 227 p.
32. Floridi L. The fourth revolution: How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. OUP Oxford, 2014. 248 p.
33. Glendinning C. When Technology Wounds: The Human Consequences of Progress. William Morrow & Co, 1990. 285 p.
34. Global number of devices and connections per capita 2018-2023. Statista, URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1190270/number-of-devices-and-connections-per-person-worldwide/ (Accessed 11.09.2024).
35. Haraway D. Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Simians, Cyborgs and women: The reinvention of nature, 1991, pp. 149–181.
36. Khasawneh O.Y. Technophobia: Examining its hidden factors and defining it. Technology in Society, Vol. 54, pp. 93–100.
37. Krueger D.W. Integrating body self & psychological self. Routledge, 2013. 284 p.
38. Licklider J.C.R. Man-Computer symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-1, Vol. 1, pp. 4–11. DOI:10.1109/thfe2.1960.4503259
39. Lovelock J. Novacene: The coming age of hyperintelligence. Mit Press, 2019. 160 p.
40. Malafouris L. How things shape the mind: A theory of material engagement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. 304 p.
41. Marcia J.E. Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966. Vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 551–558.
42. Mayer J.D. Personal intelligence expressed: A theoretical analysis. Review of General Psychology, 2009. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 46–58. DOI:1037/a0014229
43. Mays K. Authentic impediments: the influence of identity threat, cultivated perceptions, and personality on robophobia. Human-Machine Communication, Vol. 8, pp. 205–226. DOI:10.30658/hmc.8.10
44. Mollick E. Scaling: The state of play in AI [Electronic resource]. One Useful Thing, URL: https://www.oneusefulthing.org/p/scaling-the-state-of-play-in-ai (Accessed 16.09.2024).
45. Novozhilova E., Mays K., Katz J.E. Looking towards an automated future: U.S. attitudes towards future artificial intelligence instantiations and their effect. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 11, no. 1, Art. 132. DOI:10.1057/s41599-024-02625-1
46. Noy S., Zhang W. Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence [Electronic resource]. SSRN Electronic Journal, URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4375283 (Accessed 01.10.2024). DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4375283
47. Patrignani N., Whitehouse D. Slow Tech: a quest for good, clean and fair ICT. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 78–92.
48. Prensky M. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 2: Do They Really Think Differently? On the Horizon, Vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1–6. DOI:10.1108/10748120110424843
49. Schleiger E., et al. Collaborative Intelligence: a scoping review of current applications. Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 38, no. 1, Art. 2327890. DOI:10.1080/08839514.2024.2327890
50. Smith E.E. The Digital Native Debate in Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis of Recent Literature. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, Vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1–18.DOI:10.21432/t2f302
51. Tajfel H., Turner J.C. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, Vol. 1, pp. 7–24.
52. Teo A.R., et al. Development and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25). Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, Vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 780–788.
53. Walker M.J., Sparrow R. Being in the World: Extended Minds and Extended Bodies. In Heinrichs J.H., Beck B., Friedrich O. (eds). Neuro-ProsthEthics: Ethical Implications of Applied Situated Cognition. Berlin: Heidelberg, 2024, 73–87. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-68362-0_5