The Relationship Between Quality of Life and Job Satisfaction in Autistic Workers

651

Abstract

The current research sought to understand the relationship between job satisfaction and quality of life in employed individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The research focuses on participants involved in a supported employment program for individuals with ASD, the DXC Technology Dandelion Program. We examined the sustained impact of participating in the supported employment program on quality of life and job satisfaction, via a longitudinal survey of the employees with ASD. Quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, and intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction were assessed with the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Short Form). Results indicated small but statistically non-significant (using an adjusted significance level of .001) changes in both quality of life and job satisfaction across a 12-month period. Results are discussed in terms of how to further improve the employment program and support employees with ASD.

General Information

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, disability, job satisfaction, quality of life, supported employment, adults, vocation

Journal rubric: Expert opinion

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/autdd.2020180302

Funding. Research reported in this study was supported by DXC Technology and the Australian Government Department of Human Services. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and has not been approved or endorsed by DXC Technology or the Australian Government Department of Human Services

Acknowledgements. We thank the individuals who participated in this study

For citation: Hedley D., Bury S.M., Spoor J.R. The Relationship Between Quality of Life and Job Satisfaction in Autistic Workers. Autizm i narusheniya razvitiya = Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 12–21. DOI: 10.17759/autdd.2020180302.

References

  1. Albrecht G.L., Devlieger P J. The disability paradox: High quality of life against all odds. Social Science & Medicine, 1999, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 977—988. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00411-0
  2. Baumgärtner M.K., Dwertmann D.J.G., Boehm S.A., Bruch H. Job satisfaction of employees with disabilities: The role   of perceived structural flexibility. Human Resource Management, 2015, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 323—343. DOI: 10.1002/ hrm.21673
  3. Bishop-Fitzpatrick L., Hong J., Smith L.E., Makuch R.A., Greenberg J S., Mailick M.R. Characterizing objective quality of life and normative outcomes in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An exploratory latent class analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2016, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 2707—2719. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2816-3
  4. Boswell W.R., Shipp A.J., Payne S.C., Culbertson S.S. Changes in newcomer job satisfaction over time: Examining the pattern of honeymoons and hangovers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2009, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 844—858. DOI: 10.1037/ a0014975
  5. Bury S.M., Hedley D., Uljarević M., Gal E. The autism advantage at work: A critical and systematic review of current evidence. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2020, vol. 105. DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103750
  6. Carr S.E. Quality of life in emerging adults with autism spectrum disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 2015, vol. 76.
  7. Cavanagh J., Bartram T., Meacham H., Bigby C., Oakman J., Fossey E. Supporting workers with disabilities: A scoping review of the role of human resource management in contemporary organisations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 2015, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 6—43. DOI: 10.1111/1744-7941.12111
  8. Chen J.L., Leader G., Sung C., Leahy M. Trends in employment for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A review of the research literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 2, pp. 115—127. DOI: 10.1007/ s40489-014-0041-6
  9. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington: Publ. American Psychiatric Association, 2013. 991 p. ISBN 978-0-89042555-8.
  10. Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition / European Commission [Web resource]. 2020. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/digital- single-market/en/news/bridging-digital-talent-gap-towards-successful-industry-university-partnerships-workshop (Accessed 03.09.2020).
  11. Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, 2018 / Australia Bureau of Statistics [Web resource]. 2019. URL: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4430.0 (Accessed  03.09.2020).
  12. Donovan S. Entrepreneur Thorkil Sonne on what you can learn from employees with autism. Harvard Business Review, 2008, no. 9, p. 32.
  13. Garcia-Villamisar D., Wehman P., Navarra M D. Changes in the quality of autistic people’s life that work in supported and sheltered employment: A 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 2003, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 309—312.
  14. Grandin T. Different... not less: Inspiring stories of achievement and successul employment from adults with autism, Asperger’s, and ADHD. Arlington: Publ. Future Horizons, 2012. 407 p. ISBN 978-1-93527460-5.
  15. Hagner D., Cooney B.F. “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 2005, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 91—97. DOI: 10.1177/10883576050200020501
  16. Happe F., Frith U. The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2006, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5—25. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0
  17. Hedley D., Cai R., Uljarević M., Wilmot M., Spoor J R., Richdale A., Dissanayake C. Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum. Autism, 2018, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 528—541. DOI: 10.1177/1362361316687697
  18. Hedley D., Uljarević M., Bury S.M., Dissanayake, C. Predictors of mental health and well-being in employed adults with autism spectrum disorder at 12-month follow-up. Autism Research, 2019, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 482—494. DOI: 10.1002/ aur.2064
  19. Hedley D., Uljarević M., Cameron L., Halder S., Richdale A., Dissanayake, C. Employment programmes and interventions targeting adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Autism, 2017, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 929— 941.  DOI: 10.1177/1362361316661855
  20. Hedley D., Uljarević M., Hedley D.F.E. Employment and living with Autism: Personal, social and economic impact. In Halder S., Assaf L.C. (eds.) Inclusion, Disability and Culture: An Ethnographic Perspective Traversing Abilities and Challenges. New York: Publ. Springer, 2017. 390 p. ISBN 978-3-31955223-1. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55224-8_19
  21. Hendricks D. Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 2010, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 125—134. DOI: 10.3233/JVR-2010-0502
  22. Hillier A., Campbell H., Mastriani K., Izzo M.V., Kool-Tucker A.K., Cherry L., Beversdorf D.Q. Two-year evaluation of a vocational support program for adults on the autism spectrum. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 35—47. DOI: 10.1177/08857288070300010501
  23. Hirschfeld R.R. Does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of  the  Minnesota  Satisfaction  Questionnaire Short Form make a difference? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2000, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 255—270. DOI: 10.1177/00131640021970493
  24. Johnson T.D., Joshi A. Dark clouds or silver linings? A stigma threat perspective on the implications of an autism diagnosis for workplace well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2016, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 430—449. DOI: 10.1037/ apl0000058
  25. Judge T.A., Klinger R. Job satisfaction: Subjective well-being at work. In Eid M., Larsen R.J. (eds.) The science of subjective well-being. New York: Publ. Guilford Press, 2008. Pp. 393—413. ISBN 978-1-59385581-9.
  26. Krzeminska A., Austin R., Bruyere S., Hedley D. The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations. Journal of Management and Organization, 2019, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 453—463. DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2019.58
  27. Lawson L.P., Richdale A.L., Haschek A., Flower R L., Vartuli J., Arnold S.R., Trollor J.N. Cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of quality of life in autistic individuals from adolescence to adulthood: The role of mental health and sleep quality. Autism, 2020, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 954—967. DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908107
  28. Locke E.A. The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Publ. Rand McNally, 1976. Pp. 1297—1343.
  29. Mitra S. The capability approach and disability. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 2006, vol.16, no. 4, pp. 236—247. DOI: 10.1177/10442073060160040501
  30. Müller E., Schuler A., Burton B.A., Yates G.B. Meeting the vocational support needs of individuals with Asperger Syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 2003, vol. 18, pp. 163—175.
  31. Nicholas D.B., Hedley D., Randolph J.K., Raymaker D.M., Robertson S.M., Vincent J. An expert discussion on employment in autism. Autism in Adulthood, 2019, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 162—169. DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.29003.djn
  32. Renty J.O., Roeyers H. Quality of life in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 2006, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 511—524. DOI: 10.1177/1362361306066604
  33. Richards J. Examining the exclusion of employees with Asperger Syndrome from the workplace. Personnel Review, 2012, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 630—646. DOI: 10.1108/00483481211249148
  34. Robertson S.M. Neurodiversity, quality of life, and autistic adults: Shifting research and professional focuses onto real-life challenges. Disability Studies Quarterly, 2010, vol. e30, no. 1. DOI: 10.18061/dsq.v30i1.1069
  35. Roux A.M., Shattuck P.T., Cooper B.P., Anderson K.A., Wagner M., Narendorf S.C. Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 931—939. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.019
  36. Schur L., Kruse D., Blasi J., Blanck P. Is disability disabling in all workplaces? Workplace disparities and corporate culture. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2009, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 381—410. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468- 232X.2009.00565.x
  37. Sickness, disability and work: Breaking the barriers: A synthesis of findings across OECD countries. Paris: Publ. OECD, 2010. 165 p. ISBN 978-9-26408884-9.
  38. Skevington S.M., Lotfy M., O’Connell K.A. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial: A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research, 2004, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 299—310. DOI: 10.1023/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00
  39. Stone D.L., Colella A. A model of factors affecting the treatment of disabled individuals in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 1996, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 352—401. DOI: 10.2307/258666
  40. Tabachnick B.G., Fidell L.S. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Needham Heights: Publ. Allyn & Bacon, 2007. 980 p. ISBN 978-0-20545938-4.
  41. Taylor J.L., Henninger N.A., Mailick M.R. Longitudinal patterns of employment and postsecondary education for adults with autism and average-range IQ. Autism, 2015, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 785—793. DOI: 10.1177/1362361315585643
  42. Urbanowicz A., Nicolaidas C., den Houting J., Shore S.S., Gaudion K., Girdler S., Savarese R.J. An  expert  discussion         on strengths-based approaches in autism. Autism in Adulthood, 2019, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 82—89. DOI:10.1089/ aut.2019.29002.aju
  43. Van Heijst B.F., Geurts H.M. Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Autism: The international journal of research and practice, 2015, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 158—167. DOI: 10.1177/1362361313517053
  44. Warr P. Well-being and the workplace. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwarz (Eds.) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Publ. Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. Pp. 392—412. ISBN 978-0-87154423-0.
  45. Weiss D.J., Dawis R.V., England G.W., Lofquist L.H. Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire / Industrial Relations Center. Minneapolis: Publ. University of Minnesota, 1967. 119 p.
  46. WHOQOL-BREF: Introduction, administration, scoring, and generic version of the assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996. 32 p.
  47. World report on disability / WHO; World Bank. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. ISBN 978-92-4-156418-2.

Information About the Authors

D. Hedley, PhD, Research Fellow of the Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-7104, e-mail: d.hedley@latrobe.edu.au

Simon M. Bury, PhD, Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-9091, e-mail: s.bury@latrobe.edu.au

Jennifer R. Spoor, PhD, Deputy Director of the MBA Program of the Department of Management, Sport and Tourism, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-8317, e-mail: j.spoor@latrobe.edu.au

Metrics

Views

Total: 1059
Previous month: 29
Current month: 26

Downloads

Total: 651
Previous month: 10
Current month: 14