Family structure and family education as the factors for personal development of preschooler

This article is devoted to analysis of personal characteristics of preschoolers in relation to the factors of gender, family structure (complete or one-parent, the presence of sibling) and family upbringing (parenting styles, parent-child emotional interaction). The study involved 155 boys, 157 girls and 312 mothers from Saint-Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk. The age of children — from 4 to 7 years. We used the test and projective techniques. The study revealed that children from single parent families had higher indicators of anxiety, insecurity, depressiveness, self-distrust, hostility, feeling of inferiority, conflicts and difficulties in communication. In families with pronounced overprotection and characteristics of an authoritarian style children had lower self- esteem and higher indicators of anxiety and hostility. Children's aggressiveness was more pronounced in the case of permissive style and instability of parenting style. It was shown that emotional well-being in the parent-child relationships can be regarded as a resource for personal development of the child: understanding the causes of child s state, empathy. However we revealed that one third part of mothers had difficulties in emotional interaction with children. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (project №13-06-00480 «The family as a resource of child´s mental development in stable and critical ontogenetic periods»).

1. Gamezo M.V., Petrova E.A., Orlova L.M. Vozrastnaya i pedagogicheskaya psik- hologiya [Age and pedagogical psychology]. Moscow: Pedagogicheskoe obshchestvo Ros- sii, 2003. 512 p.
2. Golovey L.A., Savenysheva S.S., Vasilenko V.E. Detsko-roditel’skie otnosheniya v stabil’nye i krizisnye periody detstva [Parent-child relationships in stable and critical pe- riods of the childhood]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Journal of psychology], 2015, vol. 36, no 2, pp. 32—43.
3. Golovey L.A., Savenysheva S.S., Vasilenko V.E., Engelgardt E.E. K probleme dif- ferentsiatsii osnovnykh ponyatii v sisteme otnoshenii “roditel’-rebenok”: teoreticheskii i empiricheskii aspekty [On basic concept differentiation in the “Parent-child“ system of relations: theoretical and empirical aspects]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta [Vestnik St. Petersburg State University]. Seriya 12: Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya. Pedagogi- ka, 2014, no 2, pp. 84—95.
4. Gorbunova N.V., Troshikhina E.G. Osobennosti roditel’skikh ustanovok zhenshchin, imeyushchikh detei rannego doshkol’nogo vozrasta [Peculiarities of parental attitudes of the women having children of early preschool age]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo uni- versiteta [Vestnik St. Petersburg State University]. Seriya 12: Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya. Pedagogika, 2010, no 2, pp. 274—278.
5. Gryunval’d B.B., Makabi G.V. Konsul’tirovanie sem’i [Family counseling]. Moscow: Kogito-Tsentr, 2008. 415 p.
6. Diagnostika psikhicheskikh sostoyanii detei doshkol’nogo vozrasta: Uchebno-metod- icheskoe posobie [Diagnostics of mental states of preschoolers: teaching manual]. Sost.:
7. S.V. Velieva. Saint-Petersburg: Rech’, 2005. 240 p.
8. Zakharov A.I. Nevrozy u detei i psikhoterapiya [Neuroses at children and psycho- therapy]. Saint-Petersburg: Soyuz, 1998. 336 p.
9. Zyryanova N.M. Rannie siblingovye issledovaniya [Elektronnyi resurs] [Early sib- ling investigations]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya: elektron. nauch. zhurn. [Psikho- logicheskie Issledovaniya] 2008, no 2(2). Available at: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/ num/2008n2-2/100-zyrianova2.html (Accessed 25.12.2015). (In Russ., Abstr. in Engl.).
10. Kletsina I.S. Situatsiya razvoda kak predmet otechestvennykh sotsiologicheskikh i sotsial’no-psikhologicheskikh issledovanii semeinykh otnoshenii [Divorce in Rus- sian sociological and social psychological research on family relationships]. Sotsial’naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society]. 2015, vol. 6, no 3, pp. 30—45. doi:10.17759/sps.2015060303
11. Korytchenkova N.I. Vliyanie stilei semeinykh otnoshenii na agressivnost’ lichnosti rebenka. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk .[Influence of styles of family relations on the aggres- siveness of the child’s personality. PhD (Psychology) diss.]. Novosibirsk, 2000. 197 p.
12. Craig G., Baukum D. Psikhologiya razvitiya [Human Development]. Saint-Peters- burg; Moscow; Khar’kov: Piter, 2012. 940 p.
13. Liders A.G. Psikhologicheskoe obsledovanie sem’I [The psychological study of fam- ily]. Moscow: Akademiya, 2008. 430 p.
14. Makhnach A.V., Postylyakova Yu.V. Zhiznesposobnost’ sem’i: psikhologicheskie resursy kak zashchitnyi faktor sem’i [The viability of the family: psychological resources as protective factor for family]. In A.L. Zhuravlev, E.A. Sergienko (ed.) Psikhologicheskie problemy sovremennogo rossiiskogo obshchestva [Psychological problems of modern Russian society] / Moscow: Izd. “Institut psikhologii RAN”, 2012, pp. 529—550.
15. Povet’eva M.N. Svyaz’ tipa roditel’skogo otnosheniya s lichnostnymi kachestvami roditelya i rebenka. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk. [Connection between parental attitude and personal qualities of the parent and child. PhD (Psychology) diss.]. Moscow, 2003. 236 p.
16. Praktikum po vozrastnoi psikhologii [Practicum on Age Psychology]. In L.A. Go- lovei, E.F. Rybalko (ed.) Saint-Petersburg: Rech’, 2002. 694 p.
17. Prikhozhan A.M., Tolstykh N.N. Psikhologiya sirotstva [Psychology of orphanhood]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2007. 416 p.
18. Psikhologiya detstva. Praktikum. Testy, metodiki dlya psikhologov, pedagogov, roditelei [Psychology of childhood. Practicum. Tests, techniques for psychologists, teach- ers, parents]. In A.A. Reana (ed.) Saint-Petersburg: Praim-Evroznak; Moskva: OlmaPre- ss, 2004. 224 p.
19. Savenysheva S.S. Materinskoe otnoshenie kak faktor psikhicheskogo razvitiya re- benka [Maternal attitude as a factor of the child’s mental development] In G.S. Niki- forov (ed.) Psikhologiya zdorov’ya doshkol’nika: Uchebnoe posobie [Health Psychology of preschooler: Textbook] /. Saint-Petersburg: Rech’, 2010, pp. 223-248.
20. Smirnova E.O., Sobkin B.C. Spetsifika emotsional’no-lichnostnoi sfery detei, zhivush- chikh v nepolnoi sem’e [Specificity of emotional-personal sphere of children living in one- parent family]. Voprosy psikhologii [Voprosy Psychologii], 1999, no 6, pp.18—28.
21. Sobkin V.S., Skobel’tsina K.N., Ivanova A.I., Veryasova E.S. Sotsiologiya doshkol’nogo detstva. Trudy po sotsiologii obrazovaniya [Sociology of preschool age. Works on the sociology of education]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii obrazovaniya RAO, 2013, vol. 17, no 29, 168 p.
22. Tolstykh N.N. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya razvitiya kak samotsennaya otrasl’ psikho- logicheskoi nauki [Social psychology of development as a self-valuable branch of psycho- logical science]. Sotsial’naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society]. 2010, no 1, pp. 13—25.
23. Uruntaeva G.A., Afon’kina Yu.A. Praktikum po detskoi psikhologii [Practicum on child psychology]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie: Vlados, 1995. 291 p.
24. Shavyrina A.A. Vliyanie detsko-roditel’skikh otnoshenii na proyavlenie negativizma i upryamstva u detei starshego doshkol’nogo vozrasta. Diss. kand. psikhol. nauk [Influence of parent-child relationships to the manifestation of negativism and stubbornness among children of the senior preschool age. PhD (Psychology) diss.]. Moscow, 2012. 150 p.
25. Eidemiller E.G., Yustitskis V.V. Psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya sem’i. [Psychology and psychotherapy of family] 4-e izd. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2008. 672 p.
26. Вelsky J. Social-Conteхtual Determinants of Parenting [Elektronnyi resurs]. Universi- ty of California, Davis, USA, 2014. http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/parenting-skills/ according-experts/social-contextual-determinants-parenting  (Accessed  12.01.2016).