Comparative Analysis of Verbal Evaluation of Illusory Segments in Children and Adults

A comparative study of the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions in preschool children, primary school children and adults was performed. Significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions were revealed between groups of children and adults. The results obtained indicate a higher degree of intensity of illusion in children. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the groups of primary school and preschool children. For the first time, the magnitude of the illusory effect in children with different levels of maturity of visual perception was compared. When comparing data on the level of maturity of visual perception using the M.M. Bezrukih methodic, we found significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo illusion between groups of children with high and low levels of maturity of perceptual constancy. The results suggest the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion is associated with the maturity level of the constancy of visual perception. Such a connection was not found for the Müller-Lyer illusion, which may indicate differences in the mechanisms of formation of the visual illusions under study.

1. Men'shikova G.Ya. K voprosu o klassifikatsii zritel'nykh illyuzii [On the issue of classification of visual illusions]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya: elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal =Psychological research: electronic scientific journal, 2012. Vol. 5, 25, pp. 1. (In Russ.).
2. Gregori R.L. Glaz i mozg: Psikhologiya zritel'nogo vospitaniya: Per. s angl. [Eye and brain: Psychology of visual education: Trans. from English]. Progress, 1970. (In Russ.).
3. Bulatov A., Bertulis A., Bulatova N. Protsessy lokal'nogo usredneniya v illyuzii Myullera-Laiera [Processes of local averaging in the Muller-Lyer illusion]. Sensornye sistemy = Sensory systems, 2007. 21, no. 1, pp. 10—18. (In Russ.).
4. Shoshina I.I. Lokal'nyi i global'nyi analiz izobrazhenii v norme i prishizofrenii [Local and global image analysis in health and schizophrenia. Author's abstract. Ph.D.]. St. Petersburg, 2015. (In Russ.).
5. Shoshina I.I., Shelepin Yu.E., Vershinina E.A. Funktsional'nye osobennosti magnotsellyulyarnoi i parvotsellyulyarnoi system prishizofrenii [Functional features of the magnocellular and parvocellular systems in schizophrenia]. Psikhofiziologiya = Psychology. Psychophysiology, 2014. Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 77—88. (In Russ.).
6. Shoshina I.I., Shelepin Yu.E., Pronin S.V. Ispol'zovanie veivletnoi fil'tratsii vkhodnogo izobrazheniya dlya izucheniya mekhanizmov zritel'noi illyuzii Myullera-Laiera [Using wavelet filtering of the input image to study the mechanisms of the Muller-Lyer visual illusion]. Opticheskii zhurnal = Optical Journal, 2011. 78, no. 12, pp. 70—75. (In Russ.).
7. Tolmacheva E.A. Vozmozhnosti primeneniya novykh metodik pri issledovanii vospriyatiya zritel'nykh illyuzii bol'nymi shizofreniei [Possibilities of using new methods in studying the perception of visual illusions by patients with schizophrenia]. Eksperimental'nye metodiki patopsikhologii i opyt ikh primeneniya (k 100-letiyu S.Ya. Rubinshtein) = Experimental methods of pathopsychology and experience of their application (to the 100th anniversary of S.Ya. Rubinshtein), 2011. (In Russ.).
8. Gardner H. The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. Basic books, 1987. 448 p.
9. Palmer S.E. Vision science: Photons to phenomenology. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1999. 832 p.
10. Eksperimental'naya psihologiya: sbornik statej [per. s fr.] / Pod obshch. red. A.N. Leont'eva; red.-sost. P. Fress i ZH. Piazhe. M.: Progress, 1966.
11. Leibowitz H.W., Judisch J.M. The relation between age and the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion. The American journal of psychology, 1967. 80, no. 1, pp. 105—109.
12. Brislin R.W. The Ponzo illusion: Additional cues, age, orientation, and culture. of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1974. Vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 139—161.
13. Rival C., Olivier I., Ceyte H., Ferrel C. Age-related differences in a delayed pointing of a Müller-Lyer illusion. Experimental Brain Research, 2003. 153, no. 3, pp. 378—381.
14. Bezrukih M.M., Terebova N.N. Zritel'noe vosprijatie kak integrativnaja harakteristika poznavatel'nogo razvitija detej 5-7 let [Visual perception as an integrative characteristic of the cognitive development of children aged 5-7 years]. Novye issledovanija = New research, 2008. 1, no. 14-1, pp. 13—26. (In Russ.).
15. Coren S., Girgus J.S. Visual illusions. Handbook of sensory physiology. In. R.N. Leibowitz, H. L. Teuber (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1978. Pp. 549—568.
16. Ratliff F. Mach bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina. San Francisco, CA: Holden-Day,
17. Kingdom F.A.A., Blakeslee B., McCourt M.E. Brightness with and without perceived transparency: When does it make a difference? Perception, 1997. Vol. 26, no. 4, 493—506.
18. Murray S.O., Wojciulik E. Attention increases neural selectivity in the human lateral occipital complex. Nature neuroscience, 2004. Vol. 7, 1, pp. 70—74.
19. Wu X., Liao S., Su Y., Qiu J. The Poggendorff illusion effect influenced by top—down control: evidence from an event-related brain potential study. NeuroReport, 2011. Vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 739—743.
20. Kaufman L., Rok I. Illyuziya «luny u gorizonta» [The illusion of the “moon on the horizon”]. Mekhanizmy i modeli [Perception. Mechanisms and models]. М.: Mir, 1974. (In Russ.).
21. Karpinskaya V.Yu., Lyakhovetskii V.A. Rol' mezhpolusharnoi asimmetrii pri sensomotornoi otsenke illyuzii vospriyatiya [The role of interhemispheric asymmetry in the sensorimotor assessment of perceptual illusions]. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya = Experimental psychology, 2012. Vol. 5, 1, pp. 35—44. (In Russ.).
22. Ozana A., Ganel T. A double dissociation between action and perception in bimanual grasping: evidence from the Ponzo and the Wundt—Jastrow illusions. Scientific Reports, 2020. 10, no. 1, pp. 1—10.
23. Gregory R.L. Seeing through illusions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 253 p.
24. Ognivov V.V. Geometricheskie zritel'nye illyuzii i konstantnost' vospriyatiya razmera u detei i vzroslykh [Geometric visual illusions and constancy of size perception in children and adults]. M., 2008. (In Russ.).
25. Poom L. Influences of orientation on the Ponzo, contrast, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 2020. Vol. 82, 4, pp. 1896—1911.
26. Farber D.A., Beteleva T.G. Formirovanie sistemy zritel'nogo vospriyatiya v ontogeneze [Formation of the visual perception system in ontogenesis]. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology, 2005. Vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 26—36. (In Russ.).
27. Bezrukikh M.M., Morozova L.V. Testovyi buklet i demonstratsionnye kartochki k «Metodike otsenki urovnya razvitiya zritel'nogo vospriyatiya detei 5—7,5 let» [Test booklet and demonstration cards for the “Methodology for assessing the level of development of visual perception of children 5—7.5 years old”]. M.: New School, 1996. (In Russ.).
28. Maslow P., Frostig M., Lefever D.W., Whittlesey J. Marianne Frostig developmental test of visual perception. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1964.
29. Kostandov E.A. Znachenie konteksta kognitivnoi deyatel'nosti v formirovanii neosoznavaemykh zritel'nykh ustanovok [The importance of the context of cognitive activity in the formation of unconscious visual attitudes]. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal im. I.M. Sechenova = Russian Physiological Journal named after I.M. Sechenov, 2006. Vol. 92, 2, pp. 164—178. (In Russ.).
30. Morozova L.V. Psikhofiziologicheskiezakonomernostizritel'nogovospriyatiyadetei 6-8 let. [Psychophysiological patterns of visual perception in children 6-8 years old]. Arkhangelsk, 2008. (In Russ.).
31. Granrud C.E., Schmechel T.T.N. Development of size constancy in children: a test of the proximal mode sensitivity hypothesis. Perception & psychophysics, 2006. 68, pp. 1372—1381.
32. Shallo J., Rock I. Size constancy in children: A new interpretation. Perception, 1988. Vol. 17, no. 6, 803—813.
33. Rozhkova G.I., Tokareva V.S., Ognivov V.V., Bastakov V.A. Geometricheskie zritel'nye illyuzii i mekhanizmy konstantnosti vospriyatiya razmera detei [Geometric visual illusions and mechanisms of constancy in the perception of size in children]. Sensornye sistemy = Sensory systems, 2005. Vol. 19, 1, pp. 26—36. (In Russ.).
34. Dobrova G. R. Leksiko-semanticheskie sverkhgeneralizatsii v detskoi rechi: vsegda li proyavlenie lingvokreativnosti? [Lexico-semantic overgeneralizations in children's speech: is it always a manifestation of linguistic creativity?]. Psikholingvisticheskie aspekty izucheniya rechevoi deyatel'nosti = Psycholinguistic aspects of the study of speech activity, 2016. No. 14, pp. 103—114. (In Russ.).
35. Myakota V.V. Ontogenez rannikh stadia osvoeniya yazyka v aspekte problem izucheniya inostrannykh yazykov [Ontogenesis of the early stages of language acquisition in the aspect of the problem of learning foreign languages]. XIV Vinogradovskie chteniya. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii. Ural'skii gosudarstvennyi ekonomicheskii universitet = XIV Vinogradov Readings. Collection of scientific papers of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Ekaterinburg: Ural State Economic University, 2018. Pp. 59—63. (In ).