Ideas about the Consequences of Bad Character and Improper Behavior in Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities

The materials of an empirical study of ideas about the consequences of the manifestation of bad character and improper behavior of a person in relationships with people, obtained from a sample of 77 respondents with intellectual disability: 52 of them are mentally retarded respondents aged 13-16 years, studying in grades 6-8 of adaptive school (34 of them male, 18 – female) and 25 respondents with a delay of mental development of 13-16 years old, studying in grades 8-9 of secondary school (of which 18 are male and 7 are female). A modified technique by M.A. Kholodnaya "Formulation of problems" was used. Respondents were asked to list a number of problems that arise in a person's life due to his bad character and improper behavior in relationships with people. The technique of inductive categorization was used in the analysis of interview data. The work is aimed at clarifying the ideas of the nuclear and peripheral parts of the structure of the collective representation of adolescents with mental retardation and mental retardation about the consequences of manifestations of bad character and improper behavior. The direction of the forecast is revealed to identify the consequences for the subjective experiences of a person with a bad character, the system of his interpersonal and activity relations. The productive aspects of collective representation, which serve as a guideline for the construction of pedagogical discourse of correctional and developmental orientation, are clarified.

1. Busygina N.P. Metodologiya kachestvennykh issledovanii v psikhologii [Methodology of qualitative research in psychology]. Moscow: INFRA-M, 2015. 304 р. (In Russ.).
2. Volodina I.S. Spetsifika razvitiya sotsial'nogo intellekta mladshikh shkol'nikov s umstvennoi otstalost'yu: Diss. … kand. psikhol. nauk [The specifics of the development of social intelligence of younger schoolchildren with mental retardation: PhD (Psychology) Dissertation]. Saint-Petersburg, 2004. 180 p. (In Russ.).
3. Gaurilyus A.I. Znakovaya podderzhka i razvitie abstraktnykh obobshchenii kachestv lichnosti uchashchikhsya s umstvennoi otstalost'yu [Symbolic support and development of abstract generalizations of personality traits of students with mental retardation]. In N.N. Bal' (ed.), Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie problemy razvitiya rechemyslitel'noi deyatel'nosti detei s osobennostyami psikhofizicheskogo razvitiya=Psychological and Pedagogical Problems of the Development of Speech-Thinking Activity of Children with Special Features of Psychophysical Development. Minsk: NIO, 2004, pp. 56–58 (In Russ.).
4. Zaigraeva N.V, Volkova Yu.L. Vzroslost' v ponimanii umstvenno otstalykh podrostkov [Adulthood in the understanding of mentally retarded adolescents]. Defektologiya= Defectology, 2015, no. 5, pp. 50–58. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
5. Indenbaum E.L. Ob informativnosti oprosnikov v diagnostike lichnosti detei i podrostkov s legkimi formami intellektual'noi nedostatochnosti [On the informativeness of questionnaires in the diagnosis of the personality of children and adolescents with mild forms of intellectual disability]. Defektologiya=Defectology, 2013, no. 5, pp. 3–13. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
6. Indenbaum E.L. Psikhosotsial'noe razvitie podrostkov s legkimi formami intellektual'noi nedostatochnosti: Diss. ... d-ra psikhol. nauk [Psychosocial development of adolescents with mild forms of intellectual disability: PhD (Psychology) dissertation]. Moscow, 2011. 353 p. (In Russ.).
7. Karasik V.I. Yazykovye klyuchi [Language keys]. Moscow: Gnosis, 2009. 406 p. (In Russ.).
8. Kasavin I.T. Diskurs-analiz i ego primenenie v psikhologii [Discourse analysis and its application in psychology]. Voprosy psikhologii=Issues of Psychology, 2007, no. 6, pp. 97–119. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
9. Kinstler N.I. Psikhologo-pedagogicheskaya korrektsiya otklonenii v protsessakh vospriyatiya i ponimaniya sostoyanii drugogo cheloveka u detei s narusheniyami intellektual'nogo razvitiya: Diss. … kand. ped. nauk [Psychological and pedagogical correction of deviations in the processes of perception and understanding of the states of another person in children with intellectual disabilities: PhD (Psychology) Dissertation]. Bijsk, 2000. 234 p. (In Russ.).
10. Korobeinikov I.A. Osobennosti sotsializatsii detei s legkimi formami psikhicheskogo nedorazvitiya: Diss. ... d-ra psihol. nauk [Features of socialization of children with mild forms of mental underdevelopment: PhD (Psychology) Dissertation]. Moscow, 1997. 323 p. (In Russ.).
11. Kosymova A.N. Izuchenie i korrektsiya predstavlenii ob okruzhayushchem mire mladshikh shkol'nikov s narusheniyami intellektual'nogo razvitiya: Diss. … kand. psihol. nauk [Study and correction of ideas about the surrounding world of younger schoolchildren with intellectual disabilities: PhD (Psychology) Dissertation]. Moscow, 2006. 198 p. (In Russ.).
12. Kuz'mina T.I. K voprosu o perspektivakh issledovaniya samosoznaniya v spetsial'noi psikhologii [On the prospects of research of self-consciousness in special psychology]. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal=Russian Psychological Journal, 2020, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 5–16. DOI: 10.21702/rpj.2020.2.1 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
13. Kuz'mina T.I. Narrativnye Ya-reprezentatsii sotsial'no orientirovannykh ozhidanii lits s narusheniem intellekta [Narrative Self-Representations of Socially Oriented Expectations of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities]. Klinicheskaya i special`naya psixologiya=Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 2021, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 148–180. DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2021100309 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
14. Kuz'mina T.I. Psikhologicheskaya diagnostika samosoznaniya lits raznogo vozrasta s intellektual'noi nedostatochnost'yu [Psychological diagnostics of self-awareness of persons of different ages with intellectual disabilities]. Moscow: NKTs, 2016. 192 p. (In Russ.)
15. Kuz'mina T.I. Samosoznanie i lichnostnyi adaptatsionnyi potentsial pri normal'nom i narushennom razvitii [Self-awareness and personal adaptive potential in normal and impaired development]. Moscow: NICz INFRA-M, 2021. 210 p. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
16. Likhanov Yu.Yu., Myachina E.K., Steblyak E.A., Usenko D.M. Diagnostika i soderzhanie predstavlenii o psikhicheskikh perezhivaniyakh cheloveka u obuchayushchikhsya, imeyushchikh ogranichennye vozmozhnosti zdorov'ya [Diagnostics and content of ideas about mental experiences of a person in students with limited health opportunities]. Mat` i ditya v Kuzbasse=Mother and child in Kuzbass. 2021, no. 4 (87), pp. 58–63. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
17. Maslova V.A. Vvedenie v kognitivnuyu lingvistiku [Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics]. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 2006. 296 p. (In Russ.).
18. Mednikova L.S., Matasov Yu.T., Vasilevskaya U.V. Spetsifika ponimaniya trudnykh zhiznennykh situatsii podrostkami s umstvennoi otstalost'yu [The specifics of understanding difficult life situations by adolescents with mental retardation]. Al'manakh Instituta korrektsionnoi pedagogiki = The Almanac Institute of Special Education, 2021, no. 46 (1), pp. 82–97. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.).
19. Nazarova N.M. Spetsial'naya pedagogika na ehtape smeny nauchnykh paradigm [Special pedagogy at the stage of changing scientific paradigms]. Defektologiya=Defectology, 2021, no. 1, pp. 3–14. DOI: 10.47639/0130-3074_2021_1_3 (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
20. Pavlova E.V. Sotsial'nye predstavleniya kak soderzhanie individual'nogo soznaniya: obosnovanie metodologii issledovaniya [Social representations as the content of individual consciousness: substantiation of research methodology]. Azimut nauchny`x issledovanij: pedagogika i psixologiya=Azimut of Scientific Research: Pedagogy and Psychology, 2018, vol. 7, no. 1 (22), pp. 294–296. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
21. Pekisheva E.V., Mednikova L.S. Osobennosti verbalizatsii predstavlenii ob okruzhayushchem u doshkol'nikov s zaderzhkoi psikhicheskogo razvitiya (na primere verbal'nogo assotsiirovaniya) [Features of verbalization of ideas about the environment in preschoolers with mental retardation (on the example of verbal association)]. Defektologiya=Defectology, 2013, no. 1, pp. 40–48. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
22. Petrova V.G., Belyakova I.V. Psikhologiya umstvenno otstalykh shkol'nikov [Psychology of mentally retarded schoolchildren]. Moscow: Academy, 2002. 160 p. (In Russ.)
23. Popova L.V. Sootnoshenie ponyatii «kontsept», «ponyatie», «znachenie» v rusle kommunikativno-kognitivnoi paradigmy [Correlation of the concepts "concept", " notion", "meaning" in line with the communicative-cognitive paradigm]. Omskij nauchny`j vestnik=Omsk Scientific Bulletin, 2013, no. 4 (121), pp. 127–131. (In Russ.)
24. Primernaya adaptirovannaya osnovnaya obshcheobrazovatel'naya programma obrazovaniya obuchayushchikhsya s umstvennoi otstalost'yu (intellektual'nymi narusheniyami) [Approximate adapted basic general education program for students with mental retardation (intellectual disabilities)]. URL: https://fgosreestr.ru (Accessed: 09.09.2022). (In Russ.).
25. Regush L.A. Psikhologiya prognozirovaniya: uspekhi v poznanii budushchego [Psychology of forecasting: successes in cognition of the future]. Saint-Petersburg: Rech, 2003. 352 p. (In Russ.).
26. Sorokin V.M. Teoreticheskie osnovy psikhologii dizontogeneza [Theoretical foundations of the psychology of dysontogenesis]. Saint-Petersburg: Publ. of Saint-Petersburg University, 2005. 160 p. (In Russ.).
27. Steblyak E.A. Monitoring sposobnosti podrostkov s legkoi umstvennoi otstalost'yu k osmysleniyu sotsial'nogo okruzheniya i svoego mesta v nem: otsenka prognozirovaniya posledstvii proyavleniya plokhogo kharaktera i nepravil'nogo povedeniya. Soobshchenie 4 [Monitoring the ability of adolescents with mild mental retardation to comprehend the social environment and their place in it: assessment of predicting the consequences of bad character and improper behavior. Message 4]. Defektologiya=Defectology, 2021, no. 4, pp. 22–31. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
28. Steblyak E.A. Podkhod k razvitiyu kartiny sotsial'nogo mira v soznanii podrostkov s legkoi umstvennoi otstalost'yu: logika konstruirovaniya i rezul'taty eksperimental'noi aprobatsii [An approach to the development of a picture of the social world in the minds of adolescents with mild mental retardation: the logic of construction and the results of experimental testing]. Defektologiya=Defectology, 2021, no. 6, pp. 3–14. (In Russ., abstr. in Engl.)
29. Steblyak E.A. Razvitie kartiny sotsial'nogo mira umstvenno otstalykh lits podrostkovo-yunosheskogo vozrasta [Development of the picture of the social world of mentally retarded persons of adolescent age]. Omsk: Publ. of Omsk State Pedagogical University, 2020. 288 p. (In Russ.)
30. Kholodnaya M.A. Psikhologiya ponyatiinogo myshleniya: ot kontseptual'nykh struktur k ponyatiinym sposobnostyam [Psychology of conceptual thinking: From conceptual structures to conceptual abilities]. Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS, 2012. 288 p. (In Russ.).
31. Shchankina N.S. Osobennosti obraza drugogo cheloveka u uchashchikhsya s intellektual'noi nedostatochnost'yu: Diss. … kand. psihol. nauk [Features of the image of another person in students with intellectual disability: PhD (Psychology) Dissertation]. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2004. 206 p. (In Russ.).
32. Gergen K.J. Social construction in context. London: Sage, 2001. 240 p.
33. McLuhan H.M. Understanding Media: The extensions of Man. MIT Press, 1994. 324 p.