Psychological Factors of the Professional Burnout Syndrome in Anesthesiologists and Intensive Care Physicians

In order to identify the psychological factors of professional burnout of anesthesiologists and intensive care physicians, 61 physicians from the Arkhangelsk region were examined. Methods were used: questionnaire “Attitude to work and professional burnout” developed by V.A. Vinokur, McLean’s Organizational Stress Scale, Freiburg Personality Questionnaire (FPI), Anxiety Test developed by C.D. Spielberger and modified by Yu.A. Khanina, R. Lazarus and S. Volkman's Coping Test, methods for assessing the psychological atmosphere in the team developed by A.F. Fidler. It was established that 60,6% of anesthesiology and intensive care physicians have a high level of professional burnout. Three groups of factors affecting the emergence and development of professional burnout among physicians have been identified: individually personal (use of non-constructive coping strategies, high anxiety, emotional instability, depression, aggressiveness); socio-psychological (unfavorable socio-psychological climate in the team) and professional and organizational (lack of professional development and self-improvement, work tensions, low self-assessment of work quality, organizational stress). The article offers recommendations for the prevention of professional burnout in anesthesiology and intensive care physicians.

1. Baklayev A.V., Smirnov I.V., Mizikov V.M., et al. Informacionnyj stress anesteziologa-reanimatologa [Informational stress of the anesthesiologist-resuscitator]. Anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya [Anesthesiology and Resuscitation], 2002, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 4–9 (In Russ.)
2. Vasil'ev V.Yu., Pushkarenko I.A. Prichiny razvitiya «ehmocional'nogo vygoraniya» u anesteziologov-reanimatologov [The reasons for the development of "emotional burnout" among anesthesiologists-resuscitators]. Obshchaya reanimatologiya [General Resuscitation]. 2011, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 66–70. (In Russ.)
3. Vasil'yeva N.G. Vzaimosvyaz' imeyet kharakter emotsional'nogo intellekta i sindroma vygoraniya u vrachey [The relationship of features of emotional intelligence and burnout syndrome among doctors. PhD thesis]. Saint-Petersburg, 2016, 24 p. (In Russ.)
4. Vasserman L.I. Sovladaniye so stressom: teoriya i psikhodiagnostika [Coping with stress: theory and psychodiagnosis]. Saint-Petersburg: Rech', 2010, 192 p. (In Russ.)
5. Vinokur V.A. Metodika psihologicheskoj diagnostiki professional'nogo «vygoraniya» v «pomogayushchih» professiyah. Oprosnik «ORPV» (Otnoshenie k rabote i professional'noe «vygoranie») [The method of psychological diagnosis of professional "burnout" in the "helping" professions. Questioner "AWPB" (Attitude to work and professional "burnout")]: Publ. of SZGMU im. I.I. Mechnikova, 2012, 44 p. (In Russ.)
6. Vodop'yanova N.E. Psikhodiagnostika stressa [Stress psychodiagnosis]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2009, 336 p. (In Russ.)
7. Dermanova I.B. Diagnostika emotsional'no-nravstvennogo razvitiya [Diagnosis of emotional and moral development]. Saint-Petersburg: Rech', 2002. 176p. (In Russ.)
8. Korekhova M.V., Solov'ev A.G., Novikova I.A. Psihicheskaya dezadaptaciya specialistov v ehkstremal'nyh usloviyah deyatel'nosti [Mental disadaptation of specialists in extreme conditions of activity: monograph]. Arkhangelsk: publ. of NSMU, 2014, 139 p. (In Russ.)
9. Korekhova M.V., Solov'ev A.G., Kirov M.Yu. and other. Sindrom professional'nogo «vygoraniya» u vrachej anesteziologov-reanimatologov [Professional burnout syndrome among anesthesiology and intensive care physicians]. Vestnik anesteziologii i reanimatologii [Bulletin of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation], 2016, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 19–28. (In Russ.) doi:10.21292/2078-5658-2016-13-3-19-28
10. Koshkin V.B., Goncharevich A.YU., Kovalev O.A. Sindrom professional'noy dezadaptatsii vrachey i medsesternykh otdeleniy anesteziologii i reanimatsii [Syndrome of professional maladjustment of doctors and nurses of the anesthesiology and resuscitation department]. Vestnik Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova [Bulletin of the Khakass State University. N.F. Katanova], 2015, no. 12, pp. 59–61. (In Russ.).
11. Lovchev A.Yu. Koryachkin V.A. Proyavleniya psihologicheskoj dezadaptacii u vrachej anesteziologov-reanimatologov [Manifestations of psychological maladjustment in anesthesiology and intensive care physicians]. In M.Yu. Kirov (ed.): 2 Belomorskii simpozium «Aktual'nye problemy anesteziologii i intensivnoi terapii» [2nd White Sea Symposium "Actual problems of anesthesiology and intensive care". Proceedings]. Arhangel'sk, 2007, pp. 180–181. (In Russ.).
12. Mamas' A.N., Kosarevskaya T.A. Issledovanie sindroma ehmocional'nogo vygoraniya u vrachej anesteziolog-reanimatologov [Examination of burnout syndrome in anesthesiology and intensive care physicians]. Novosti khirurgii [Surgery News], 2010,
    vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 75–81. (In Russ.).
13. Mironov P.I., Kashirina E.A., Kryklya A.S., Berestov A.L. Problema «ehmocional'nogo vygoraniya» srednego medicinskogo personala otdelenij reanimacii
    i intensivnoj terapii [The problem of "emotional burnout" nursing staff in intensive care units and intensive care]. Klinicheskaya anesteziologiya i reanimatologiya [Clinical Anesthesiology and Resuscitation], 2004, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14–18. (In Russ.).
14. Nasledov A.D. Matematicheskie metody psihologicheskogo issledovaniya. Analiz
    i interpretaciya dannyh [Mathematical methods of psychological research. Data analysis and interpretation]. Saint-Petersburg: Rech', 2006, 392 p. (In Russ.).
15. Orel V.Ye. Sindrom «Psikhicheskogo vygoraniya» i stilevyye osobennosti povedeniya i deyatel'nosti professionala [Mental Burnout Syndrome and Style Peculiarities of Professional Behavior and Activity]. Sibirskiy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal [Siberian Psychological Journal], 2006, no. 23, pp. 33–39. (In Russ.).
16. Parfenov Yu.A. Patogeneticheskie determinanty psihosomaticheskih rasstrojstv pri arterial'noj gipertenzii u vrachej-anesteziologov s sindromom professional'nogo vygoraniya [Pathogenetic determinants of psychosomatic disorders in arterial hypertension in anaesthesiologists with professional burnout syndrome]. Fundamental'nye issledovaniya [Basic Research], 2012, no. 5, p. 2, pp. 325–329. (In Russ.).
17. Reshetova T.V., Mazurok V.A., Zhigalova T.N. Emotsional'noye vygoraniye, asteniya i depressiya u meditsinskikh i sotsial'nykh rabotnikov - resursy korrektsii [Emotional burnout, asthenia and depression in medical and social workers - correction resources]. Obozreniye psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologi [Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Review], 2012, no. 3, pp. 105–111. (In Russ.).
18. Sidorov P.I., Solov'ev A.G., Novikova I.A. Sindrom professional'nogo vygoraniya [Professional burnout syndrome]. Arhangelsk: publ. of NSMU, 2007, 176 p. (In Russ.).
19. Teoreticheskiye i prikladnyye voprosy psikhologii. Chast' II Prikladnyye problemy psikhologii [Theoretical and applied questions of psychology. Part II Applied problems of psychology], in A.A. Krylov (ed.). Saint-Petersburg: publ. of SPU,1995, 163 p. (In Russ.).
20. Fetiskin N.P., Kozlov V.V., Manuilov G.M. Social'no-psihologicheskaya diagnostika razvitiya lichnosti i malyh grupp [Socio-psychological diagnosis of personal development and small groups]. Moscow: publ. of Institute of Psychotherapy, 2002, 490 p. (In Russ.).
21. Chutko L.S., Surushkina S.YU., Rozhkova A.V. and other. Astenicheskiy simptomokompleks u patsiyentov s sindromom emotsional'nogo vygoraniya [Asthenic symptom complex in patients with burnout syndrome]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii [Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry], 2013, no. 11, pp. 22–26. (In Russ.).
22. Shchelkova O.Yu. Psihodiagnostika v sistemnom issledovanii ehmocional'no-lichnostnoj sfery vrachej anesteziologov-reanimatologov (v svyazi so stressogennym harakterom professional'noj deyatel'nosti [Psychodiagnostics in a systematic study of the emotional-personal sphere of anesthesiology and intensive care physicians (due to the stressful nature of professional activity]. Sibirskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Siberian Psychological Journal], 2007, no. 26, pp. 154–160. (In Russ.).
23. Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In W.B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, T. Marek (eds.): Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis., 1993, pp. 19–32.
24. Misiołek A., Gorczyca P., Misiołek H., Gierlotka Z. The prevalence of burnout syndrome in Polish anaesthesiologists. Anaesthesiology Intensive Thrapy, 2014, vol. 46, no. 3, pp 155–161. doi: 10.5603/AIT.2014.0028
25. Nyssen A.S., Hansez I., Baele P., and etc. Occupational stress and burnout in anaesthesia. British Journal of Anesthesia, 2003, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 333–337. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg058.