Religious and Spiritual Coping. An Overview of the Western Studies

The article is aimed at getting familiar with the Western researches of spiritual and religious coping. The main categories, conceptual models and results of the empirical studies in the current research field are overviewed. For the Russian psychological theory this direction of research could serve as an example of a methodologically mature field that could enrich the instruments of studies in the field of psychology of religion and psychology of coping behavior. For the psychological practice it serves as an example of scientifically based look upon the connection between spiritual and religious phenomena and their input in the process of overcoming critical situations. Conclusions are made; future research perspectives and the development of the current field in Russia are discussed.

1. Busygina N.P. Metodologija kachestvennyh issledovanij v psihologii. Moscow: Publ. INFRA-M, 2013. 304 p.
2. Vasilyuk F.E. Psikhologiya perezhivaniya (analiz preodoleniya kriticheskikh situatsii). Moscow: Publ. MGU, 1984. 200 p.
3. Vasilyuk F.E. Perezhivanie i molitva (opyt obshhepsihologicheskogo issledovanija).
4. Moscow: Publ. Smysl, 2005. 191 p.
5. Vasilyuk F.E. Tipy dukhovnogo sovladaniya. Konsul’tativnaya psikhologiya i psikhotera- piya. 2014. № 5. P. 139—151.
6. Zhuravlev A.L. Psikhologiya sovmestnoi deyatel’nosti. Moscow: Publ. Institut psikholo- gii RAN, 2005. 640 p.
7. Zen’ko Yu.M. Khristianskaya antropologiya i psikhologiya v litsakh. Osnovnye avtory i raboty s drevnekhristianskogo perioda po nastoyashchee vremya. Bibliograficheskii spravochnik. St. Petersburg: Publ. Rech’, 2009. 192 p.
8. Raikroft Ch. Kriticheskii slovar’ psikhoanaliza. Translated by L.V. Toporovoi, S.V. Vo- ronina, I.N. Gvozdeva; ed. by S.M. Cherkasov. Saint-Petersburg: Publ. Vostochno- Evropeiskii Institut Psikhoanaliza, 1995. 288 p. (In Russ.).
9. Rasskazova E.I., Gordeeva T.O. Koping-strategii v psikhologii stressa: podkhody, metody i perspektivy. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya. 2011. N 3(17). URL: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2011n3-17/493-rasskazova-gordeeva17.html (data ob- rashcheniya: 20.09.2015).
10. Horujyi S.S. K fenomenologii askezy. Moscow: Publ. Gumanitarnaya literatura, 1998. 352 p. Ai A.L., Peterson C., Huang B. The effect of religious spiritual coping on positive at- titudes of adult Muslim refugees from Kosovo and Bosnia. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2003. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 29—47. doi:10.1207/ S15327582IJPR1301_04
11. Ai A.L., Wink P., Tice T.N., Bolling S.F., Shearer M. Prayer and reverence in naturalistic, aesthetic, and socio-moral contexts predicted fewer complications following coro- nary artery bypass. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 32 № 6. P. 570—581. doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9228-1
12. Ano G.G., Vasconcelles E.B. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 61. № 4. P. 461—480. doi:10.1002/jclp.20049
13. Bell-Meisenhelder J., Marcum J.P. Responses of clergy to 9/11: Posttraumatic stress, coping, and religious outcomes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2004. Vol. 43(4). P. 547—554. Benore E., Pargament K.I., Pendleton S. An initial examination of religious coping in children with asthma. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2008. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 267—290. doi:10.1080/10508610802229197
14. Bergan A., McConatha J.T. Religiosity and life satisfaction. Activities, Adaptation and Aging. 2000. Vol. 24(3). P. 23—34. doi:10.1300/J016v24n03_02
15. Bhui K., King M., Dein S., O’Connor W. (2008). Ethnicity and religious coping with mental distress. Journal of Mental Health. 2008. Vol. 17(2). P. 141—151. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230701498408
16. Borras L., Mohr S., Brandt P.Y., Gillieron C., Eytan A., Huguelet P. Religious beliefs in schizophrenia: Their relevance for adherence to treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2007. Vol. 33(5). P. 1238—1246. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl070
17. Braam A.W., Schaap-Jonker H., Mooi B., de Ritter D., Beekman A.T.F., Deeg D.J.H. God image and mood in old age: Results from a community-based pilot study in the Netherlands. Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2008. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 221—237. doi:10.1080/13674670701245274
18. Brelsford G.M., Mahoney A. Spiritual disclosure between older adolescents and their mothers. Journalof Family Psychology. 2008. Vol. 22(1). P. 62—70. doi:10.1037/0893- 3200.22.1.62
19. Bushman B.J., Ridge R.D., Das E., Key C.W., Busath G.L. When God sanctions killing: Effects of scriptural violence on aggression. Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18(3). P. 204—207.
20. Cole B.S. Spiritually-focused psychotherapy for people diagnosed with cancer: A pilot outcome study. Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2005. Vol. 8. № 3. P. 217— 226.  doi:10.1080/13694670500138916
21. Cole B.S., Hopkins C.M., Tisak, J., Steel L., Carr B.I. Assessing spiritual growth and spiritual decline following a diagnosis of cancer: reliability and validity of the spiritual transformation scale. Psycho-Oncology. 2008. Vol. 17. № 2. P. 112—121. doi:10.1002/pon.1207
22. Dew R.E., Daniel S.S., Goldston D.B, McCall W.V., Kuchibhatla M., Schleifer C. et al. A prospective study of religion/spirituality and depressive symptoms among ado- lescent psychiatric patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010. Vol. 120. № 1—3. P. 149—157. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.029
23. Dull V.T., Skokan L.A. A cognitive model of religion’s influence on health. Journal of Social Issues. 1995. Vol. 51(2). P. 49—64. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01323.x
24. Ellison C.W. Spiritual well-being: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psy- chology and Theology. 1983. Vol. 11 (Winter 1983). P. 330—340.
25. Exline J.J., Kaplan K.J., Grubbs J.B. Anger, exit, and assertion: Do people see protest toward God as morally acceptable?. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2012. Vol. 4 (4). P. 264—277. doi:10.1037/a0027667
26. Exline J.J., Rose E.D. Religious and spiritual struggles. In: Handbook of the psychol- ogy of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / Ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 379—397.
27. Gall T.L., Cornblat M.W. Breast cancer survivors give voice: A qualitative analysis of spiritual factors in long-term adjustment. Psycho-Oncology. 2002. Vol. 11. № 6. P. 524—535. doi:10.1002/pon.613
28. Gall T.L., Guirguis-Younger M. Religious and spiritual coping: Current theory and re- search. APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / еd. by K.I. Pargament, J.J. Exline, J.W. Jones. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. P. 349—364. doi:10.1037/14045-019
29. Gall T.L., Charbonneau C., Clarke N.H., Grant K., Joseph A., Shouldice L. Understand- ing the nature and role of spirituality in relation to coping and health: A concep- tual framework. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne. 2005. Vol. 46 (2). P. 88—104. doi:10.1037/h0087008
30. Gillum T.L., Sullivan C.M., Bybee D.I. The importance of spirituality in the lives of do- mestic violence survivors. Violence Against Women. 2006. Vol. 12(3). P. 240—250. doi:10.1177/1077801206286224
31. Hall T.W., Edwards K.J. The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A theistic model and mea- sure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2002. Vol. 41. № 2. P. 341—357. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00121
32. Hall T.W., Fujikawa A. God images and the sacred. In: APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / еd. by K.I. Pargament, J.J. Exline, J.W. Jones. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. P. 277—292. doi:10.1037/14045-015
33. Harrison M.O., Koenig H.G., Hays J.C., Eme-Akwari A.G., Pargament K.I. The epide- miology of religious coping: A review of recent literature. International Review of Psychiatry. 2001. Vol. 13. № 2. P. 86—93.
34. Hays J.C., Meador K.G., Branch P.S., George L.K. The history of religion and spiritual- ity scale in four dimensions (HRSS-4): Validity and reliability. The Gerontologist. 2001.Vol. 41(2). P. 239—241. doi:10.1093/geront/41.2.239
35. Hill P.C. Measurement assessment and issues in the psychology if religion and spiritu- ality. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / еd. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 48—73.
36. Hill P.C., Pargament K.I. Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of reli- gion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Ameri- can Psychologist. 2003. Vol. 58(1). P. 64—74. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
37. Hill P.C., Hood R.W.Jr. Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1999.
38. Hood R.W. Jr., Belzen J.A. Research Methods in the Psychology of Religion and Spiri- tuality. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / еd. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 75—92.
39. Hook J.N., Worthington Jr. E.L., Davis D.E., Jennings D.J., Gartner A.L., Hook J.P. Em- pirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of clinical psychology. 2010. Vol. 66(1). P. 46—72.
40. Idler E.L, Ellison C.G., George L.K., Krause N., Levin J., Ory M., Pargament K., Pow- ell L., Williams D., Gordon L., Musick M.A. Measuring multiple dimensions of reli- gion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey. Research on Aging. 2003. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 327—365. doi:10.1177/0164027503025004001
41. Johnstone B., Glass B.A., Oliver R.E. Religion and disability: Clinical, research, and training considerations for rehabilitation professionals. Disability and Rehabilita- tion. 2007. Vol. 29(15). P. 1153—1163. doi:10.1080/09638280600955693
42. Kirkpatrick L.A. Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press, 2005. 400 p.
43. KoenigH.G., McCullough M.E., Larson D.B. In: Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001
44. Koenig H.G., Pargament K.I., Nielsen J. Religious coping and health status in medi- cally ill hospitalized older adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998. Vol. 186(9). P. 513—521. doi:10.1097/00005053-199809000-00001
45. Kooistra W.P., Pargament K.I. Religious doubting in parochial school adolescents. Jour- nal of Psychology and Theology. 1999. Vol. 27(1). P. 33—42.
46. Krause N., Ellison C.G., Wulff K.M. Church-based emotional support, negative interaction, and psychological well-being: Findings from a national sample of Presbyterians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1998. Vol. 37. № 4. P. 725—741. doi:10.2307/1388153
47. Krumrei E.J. Demonization as a spiritual struggle with divorce: Prevalence rates and links to post-divorce adjustment. Family Relations. 2011. Vol. 60. № 1. P. 90—103. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00635.x
48. Levin J.S., Taylor R.J., Chatters L.M. Race and gender differences in religiosity among older adults: Findings from four national surveys. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 1994. Vol. 49(3). P. S137—S145. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.3.s137
49. Martin A.M. Exploring forgiveness: The relationship between feeling forgiven by God and self-forgiveness for an interpersonal offense (Unpublished doctoral disserta- tion). Case Western Reserve University. 2008.
50. Maton K.I. The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospec- tive investigations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1989. Vol. 28. № 3 (Sep). P. 310—323. doi:10.2307/1386742
51. McCullough M.E., Hoyt W.T., Larson D.B., Koenig H.G., Thoresen C. Religious involve- ment and mortality: A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology. 2000. V. 19(3). P. 211—222. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.211
52. McIntosh D.N., Silver R.C., Wortman C.B. Religion’s role in adjustment to a negative life event: Coping with the loss of a child. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993. Vol. 65(4). P. 812—821. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.812
53. Molock S.D., Puri R., Matlin S., Barksdale C. Relationship between religious coping and suicidal behaviors among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychol- ogy. 2006. Vol. 32. № 3. P. 366—389. doi:10.1177/0095798406290466
54. Moriarty G., Hoffman M. God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychother- apy: Research, theory, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press, 2007. 320 p.
55. Oman D. Defining Religion and Spirituality. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 22—46.
56. Paloutzian R.F., Park C.L. Recent Progress and Core Issues in the Science of the Psy- chology of Religion and Spirituality. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 3—21.
57. Pargament K.I. (2013a). The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory. Re- search and Practice. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed. / еd. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NY: Springer, 2013. P. 560—578.
58. Pargament K.I. (2013b). Searching for the sacred: Toward a nonreductionistic theory of spirituality. APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: in 2 vols. Vol. 1: Context, theory, and research / ed. by K.I. Pargament. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013b. P. 257—273.
59. Pargament K.I. Lecture: Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. Invit- ed paper in honor of Susan Folkman at University of California San Francisco. San Francisco, 2009, September. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3- g5fLmwQI (дата обращения: 25.08.2015).
60. Pargament K.I., Sweeney P.J. Building spiritual fitness in the Army: An innovative ap- proach to human development. American Psychologist. 2011. Vol. 66(1). P. 58—64. doi:10.1037/a0021657
61. Pargament K.I., Kennell J., Hathaway W., Grevengoed N., Newman J., Jones W. Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1988. Vol. 27. №1 (Mar). P. 90—104. doi:10.2307/1387404
62. Pargament K.I., Koenig H.G., Perez L. The many methods of religious coping: Develop- ment and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000. Vol. 56. № 4. P. 519—543.
63. Pargament K., Feuille M., Burdzy D. The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions. 2011. Vol. 2(1). P. 51—76. doi:10.3390/ rel2010051
64. Park C.L. Religion and Meaning. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed., ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. NewYork: Springer, 2013. P. 356—377.
65. Phelps A.C., Maciejewski P.K., Nilsson M., Balboni T.A., Wright A.A., Paulk M.E., et al. Religious coping and use of intensive life prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of American Medical Association. 2009. Vol. 301(11). P. 1140—1147. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.341
66. Phillips R.E., Stein C.H. God’s will, God’s punishment, or God’s limitations? Religious coping strategies reported by young adults living with serious mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2007. Vol. 63. № 6. P. 529—540. doi:10.1002/jclp.20364
67. Phillips R.E., Cheng C.M., Pargament K.I., Oemig C., Colvin S.D., Aarr A.N. et al. Spiritual coping in American Buddhists: An exploratory study. The Interna- tional Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2009. Vol. 19. № 4. P. 231—243. doi:10.1080/10508610903143263
68. Powell L.H., Shahabi L., Thoresen C.E. Religion and spirituality: Linkages to physical health. American Psychologist. 2003 (Jan). Vol. 58(1). P. 36—52. doi:10.1037/0003- 066X.58.1.36
69. Raiya H.A., Pargament K.I., Mahoney A., Stein C. A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The Inter- national Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2008. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 291—315. doi:10.1080/10508610802229270
70. Roff L.L., Durkin D., Sun F., Klemmack D.L. Widowhood, religiousness, and self-as- sessed well-being among older adults. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging. 2007. Vol. 19(4). P. 43—59. doi:10.1300/J496v19n04_04
71. Rosmarin D.H., Pargament K.I., Krumrei E.J., Flannelly K.J. Religious coping among Jews: Development and initial validation of the JCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychol- ogy. 2009. Vol. 65. № 7. P. 670—683. doi:10.1002/jclp.20574
72. Schuster M.A., Stein B.D., Jaycox L.H., Collins R.L., Marshall G.N., Elliott M.N., et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist at- tacks. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001. Vol. 345. № 20. P. 1507—1512. doi:10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
73. Shafranske E.P. Addresing Religiousness and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: Advancing Evidence-Based Practice. In: Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality: 2nd ed., ed. by R.F. Paloutzian, C.L. Park. New York: Springer, 2013. P. 594—614.
74. Sherman A.C., Plante T.G., Simonton S., Latif U., Anaissie E.J. Prospective study of reli- gious coping among patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Jour- nal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 32. № 1. P. 118—128. doi:10.1007/s10865- 008-9179-y
75. Shrimali S., Broota K.D. Effect of surgical stress on beliefs in God and superstition: An in situ investigation. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies. 1987. № 3. P. 135— 138.
76. Smith T.B., McCullough M.E., Poll J. Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin. 2003. Vol. 129(4). P. 614—636. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
77. Sorajjakool S., Aja V., Chilson B., Ramírez-Johnson J., Earll A. Disconnection, depression, and spirituality: A study of the role of spirituality and meaning in the lives of individuals with severe depression. Pastoral Psychology. 2008. Vol. 56. № 5. P. 521—532.   doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0125-2
78. Tarakeshwar N., Pargament K.I., Mahoney A. Initial development of a measure of reli- gious coping among Hindus. Journal of Community Psychology. 2003. Vol. 31. № 6. P. 607—628. doi:10.1002/jcop.10071
79. Thompson M.P., Vardaman P.J. The role of religion in coping with the loss of a family member to homicide. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1997. Vol. 36(1). P. 44—51. doi:10.2307/1387881
80. Tix A.P., Frazier P.A. The use of religious coping during stressful life events: main ef- fects, moderation, and mediation. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1998. Vol. 66(2). P. 411—422. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.411
81. Wansink B., Wansink C.S. Are there atheists in foxholes? Combat intensity and religious behavior. Journal of religion and health. 2013. Vol. 52(3). P. 768—779. doi:10.1007/ s10943-013-9733-y
82. Wink P., Dillon M., Larsen B. Religion as moderator of the depression-health con- nection: Findings from a longitudinal study. Research on Aging. 2005. Vol. 27(2). P. 197—220.
83. Wood B.T., Worthington E.L. Jr., Exline J.J., Yali A.M., Aten J.D., McMinn M.R. Devel- opment, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes toward God Scale (ATGS-9). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. 2010. Vol. 2(3). P. 148—167. doi:10.1037/a0018753
84. Yangarber-Hicks N. Religious coping styles and recovery from serious mental illness. Journal of Psychology and Theology. 2004 (Winter). Vol. 32. № 4. P. 305—317.