Zones of development, zones of counteraction, and the area of responsibility

Development of civilization, of different societies, social groups and individuals is influenced by two contradictory and interrelated tendencies of social impacts: a) assistance and b) counteraction in gaining experience, in learning and developing. From this point of view the author reviews different notions that emerged from L.S. Vygotsky's notion of "zone of proximal development", and that reflect the diversity of zones of development and developmental outcomes under the different types of social interactions. The author discusses the moral (purposeful) and cognitive (operational and technical) aspects of learners' orientation and intentional disorientation within the conflict of goals and moral attitudes of members of social interactions, as well as the problem of responsibility for development, and the possibility of resistance against negative impacts (orientation despite disorientation).

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