The Role of Individual Values, Authoritarian Attitudes and Social Identity in the General Discriminatory Orientation of the Personal in Russia

Objective. Study of the role of individual values, authoritarian attitudes and social identity in the expression of discriminatory orientation of the personal in Russia. Background. Discriminatory attitudes not only hinder social development, but also negatively affect interpersonal and intergroup relationships, creating social and humanitarian problems. Therefore, finding out and explaining the reasons for the formation of a discriminatory attitude and determining how to eliminate them are the most important tasks of modern social psychology. Study design. The paper studied the relationship between the degree of dislike for representatives of various discriminated groups and the areas of discrimination by calculating the Pearson correlation. Predictors of discriminatory attitudes are established using regression analysis (step-by-step method). Structural modeling of the determinants of discriminatory attitudes of the individual by area (sphere) of discrimination and subject (discriminated group) using the SEM method is carried out. Participants. The study involved 217 people (the average age is 28.9±11.2 years, 36% of men). Measurements. We used the developed questionnaire and scales of discriminatory attitudes, the method of assessing values of Sh. Schwartz, a short version of the scales of the method of J. Dukkit. All scales are checked for meaningful validity and reliability. Results. It was found that the discriminatory attitude is most pronounced in the sphere of sports, education and career. Biases and rejection of representatives of different groups in various spheres of life are associated with the high significance of the values of personal and social security, power — resources, traditions (positive); values of interpersonal conformity and independence — thoughts (negative) and reputation as a desire to maintain a public image (ambivalent in different areas). The directions of relations between values, authoritarian attitudes, social identity and discriminatory attitudes are established. Сonclusions. It is shown that civil identity is a factor of institutional discrimination rather than domestic one. Adherence to an ethnic group affects the strength of a domestic discriminatory attitude directly, and institutional attitudes indirectly, through civic identity. As a result of structural equation modeling, a suitable model has been determined that explains up to 24% of variations in the outgroup discriminatory attitude and up to 25% of variations in the manifestation of biases in various spheres of life.

1. Beznosov D.S., Pochebut L.G. Psixologicheskie aspekty ekstremizma i terrorizma [Psychological aspects of extremism and terrorism]. Vestnik Sankt-peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriya 12. Psikhologiya. Sociologiya. Pedagogika [ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Issue 12. Psychology. Sociology. Pedagogy], 2010, no. 1, pp. 287—299.
2. Beskova T.V. Osobennosti otnosheniya k predstavitelyam seksualnyx menshinstv i ego motivy [Elektronnyi resurs] [Features of the attitude to representatives of sexual minorities and its motives]. Internet-zhurnal “mir nauki” [ Internet-journal “World of science”]. 2018. Vol 9, no. 6. URL: https://mir-nauki.com/issue-6-2018.html (Accessed: 11.01.2019).
3. Beskova T.V. Osobennosti otnosheniya pravoslavnyx rossiyan k predstavitelyam drugix religij i ego motivy [Features of the attitude of Orthodox Russians to representatives of other religions and its motives]. Sovremennaya nauka: aktualnye problemy teorii i praktiki. seriya: poznanie [Modern science: actual problems of theory and practice. Series: Knowledge], 2018, no. 11 (86), pp. 30—35.
4. Beskova T.V. Sotsial’no-psikhologicheskaya struktura i determinanty zavisti [Socio-psychological structure and determinants of envy]. Saratov: Publishing house of Sarat. University, 2013. 324 р.
5. Bovina I.B., Bovin B.G. Stigmatizaciya: socialno-psixologicheskie aspekty (chast1) [Stigma: social psychological aspects (part 1)]. Psikhologiya i pravo [Psychology and law], 2013, no. 3, pp. 11—21.
6. Bodziany M. ‘Glass walls’ — considerations about European multiculturalism. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society], 2017. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 20—30. DOI:10.17759/sps.2017080303. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)
7. Bocharova E.E. Content Characteristics of the “Subject Field” of Discriminatory Attitudes. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics, 2018. Vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 308—322. DOI:10.22363/2313- 1683-2018-15-3-308-322
8. Golenkov A.V. Obshhestvennye predubezhdeniya k psixiatrii v chuvashii [The Social prejudices towards psychiatry in the Chuvash Republic]. Psikhicheskoe zdorove [Mental health], 2010. Vol. 8, no. 4 (47), pp. 42—46.
9. Grigoryev D.S. The discrimination of immigrants in the socioeconomic domain: the role of intergroup attitudes of the mainstream population. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society], 2017. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 63—84. DOI:10.17759/ sps.2017080306. (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)
10. Grigoriev D.S. Razrabotka korotkoj versii shkal iz metodiki J. Duckitta: avtoritarizm pravogo tolka, orientaciya na socialnoe dominirovanie, vera v opasnyj i konkurentnyj mir [Development of a short version of the scales from the method of J. Duckitt: right-wing authoritarianism, orientation towards social dominance, belief in a dangerous and competitive world]. Nacionalnyj psixologicheskij zhurnal [National psychological journal], 2017, no. 4(28). pp. 30—44. DOI:10.11621 / npj.2017.0403
11. Grigoryev D.S., Batkhina A.A., Dubrov D.I. Assimilationism, Multiculturalism, Colorblindness, and Polyculturalism in the Russian Context. Кul’turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya [Cultural-historical psychology], 2018. Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 53—65. DOI:10.17759/chp.2018140206
12. Grigoryeva M.V. Theoretical Analysis of the Problem of Realization of Discriminatory Attitudes of the Person in Behavior. Izv. Saratov Univ. (N. S.), Ser. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy, 2018. Vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 305—310. DOI: 10.18500/1819- 7671-2018-18-3-305-310
13. Labunskaya V.A. Zavist’, beznadezhnost’ i nadezhda kak sposoby preobrazovaniya bytiya sub”ekta [Envy, hopelessness and hope as ways of transforming the subject’s being]. In Znakov V.V., Ryabikina Z.I. (eds.). Lichnost’ i bytie: sub”ektnyi podkhod. Lichnost’ kak sub”ekt bytiya: teoretiko-metodologicheskie osnovaniya analiza [Personality and being: a subjective approach. Personality as a subject of being: theoretical and methodological foundations of analysis]. Krasnodar: KSU, Prosveshchenie — Yug, 2005, pp. 120—137.
14. McDougall W. Osnovnye problemy socialnoj psixologii [Main problems of social psychology]. Moscow: Space, 2016. 282 p.
15. Nekrasova Y.V. Negativnoe vliyanie gendernyx stereotipov v obshhestve [The Negative impact of gender stereotypes in the society]. Ekonomika i socium [Economy and society], 2016, no. 6—2 (25), pp. 271—275.
16. Rostovtseva M.V. Problema intolerantnosti v sovremennom obshhestve [The problem of intolerance in modern society]. Sociodynamics, 2016, no. 6, pp. 13—17. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7144.2016.6.18113
17. Smirnova S. Prototipicheskij podxod k analizu fenomena predubezhdenij [Prototypical approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of prejudice]. Zhurnal belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psixologiya [ Journal of the Belarusian state University. Philosophy. Psychology], 2017, no. 1, pp. 69—73.
18. Tatarko A.N. Socio-psychological capital of the individual in a multicultural society. Moscow: Institute of psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014. 384 p.
19. Tkachenko N.In. Etnonacionalnye ustanovki i etnicheskie predubezhdeniya: problemy vzaimosvyazi [Ethnonational attitudes and ethnic prejudices: problems of interrelation]. Vestnik moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. seriya: psixologicheskie nauki [ Bulletin of the Moscow state regional University. Series: Psychological Sciences], 2009, no. 1, pp. 149—158.
20. Usova N.V. Soderzhatel’nye kharakteristiki diskriminatsionnykh ustanovok po vozrastu [Elektronnyi resurs] [Content characteristics of discrimination equipment by age]. The Emissia.Offline Letters, 2018, no. 8. ART 2643. URL: http://www.emissia.org/ offline/2018/2643.htm (Accessed: 11.01.2019).
21. Shamionov R. M. Formation of Discriminatory Personal Attitudes in the Process of Socialization. Izv. Saratov Univ. (N.S.). Ser. Educational Akmeology. Developmental Psychology, 2018. Vol. 7, no. 2 (26), рр. 129—135. DOI:10.18500/2304- 9790-2018-7-2-129-135.
22. Shamionov R.M. Basic Beliefs and Cultural Attitudes as Predictors of Emotional and Psychological Well-Being in Urban and Rural Populations. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo [ Social Psychology and Society], 2015. Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 109—122. DOI:10.17759/sps.2015060408 (In Russ., аbstr. in Engl.)
23. Shamionov R. M., Grigorieva M. V. Interconnection between Discriminatory Attitudes of an Individual and Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Socio-Political and Socio-Economic Preferences. Izv. Saratov Univ. (N. S.), Ser. Educational Aсmeology. Developmental Psychology, 2018. Vol. 7, Iss. 4 (28), рр. 327—332 (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18500/2304-9790-2018-7-4-327-332
24. Schwartz S.H., Butenko T.P., Sedova D.S., Lipatova A.S. Utochnennaya teoriya bazovyx individualnyx cennostej: primenenie v Rossii [Refined theory of basic individual values: application in Russia]. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki [Psychology. Journal of Higher school of Economics], 2012. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 43—70.
25. Allport G.W. The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979. 537 p.
26. Anderson J., Ferguson R., Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian journal of psychology, 2018. Vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 18—29.
27. Brannon T.N., Carter E. R., Murdock-Perriera L.A., Higginbotham G.D. From Backlash to Inclusion for All: Instituting Diversity Efforts to Maximize Benefits Across Group Lines. Social issues and policy review, 2018. Vol. 12 (1), 57—90.
28. Cantal C., Milfont T.L., Wilson M.S., Gouveia V.V. Differential effects of Right- Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on dimensions of generalized prejudice in Brazil. European Journal of Personality, 2014. Vol. 29 (1), pp. 17—27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1978
29. Ching B. H-H. Xu J.T. The Effects of Gender Neuroessentialism on Transprejudice: An Experimental Study. Sex roles, 2018. Vol. 78, no. 3—4, pp. 228—241.
30. Cuddy A.J., Fiske S.T., Glick P. The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004. Vol. 92 (4), pp. 631—648. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631
31. Duckitt J., Sible C.G. Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 2007. Vol. 21 (2), pp. 113—130. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.614
32. Delgado N., Arino E., Betancor V., Rodríguez-Pérez A. Intergroup trust and anxiety: The two sides of stigma towards people with Down syndrome. Anales de psicologia, 2018. Vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 117—122.
33. Dunwoody P.T.; McFarland S. G. Support for Anti-Muslim Policies: The Role of Political Traits and Threat Perception. Political psychology, 2018. Vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 89—106.
34. Fiske S.T., Cuddy A.J., Glick P., Xu J. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002. Vol. 82 (6), pp. 878—902. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
35. Gravani M., Soureti A., Stathi S. Using nostalgia to reduce prejudice toward immigrants. European journal of social psychology, 2018. Vol. 48(2), pp. O168—O174.
36. Hodson G., Dhont K. The person-based nature of prejudice: Individual difference predictors of intergroup negativity. European Review of Social Psychology, 2015. Vol. 26 (1), pp. 1—42. DOI:10.1080/10463283.2015.1070018
37. Husnu S., Mertan B., Cicek O. Reducing Turkish Cypriot children’s prejudice toward Greek Cypriots: Vicarious and extended intergroup contact through storytelling. Group processes & Intergroup relations, 2018. Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 178—192.
38. Jones J. Prejudice and racism. New York, 1997. 592 p.
39. McDermott D.T., Brooks A.S., Rohleder P., Blair K.L. Ameliorating trans negativity: assessing the immediate and extended efficacy of a pedagogic prejudice reduction intervention. Psychology & Sexuality, 2018. Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 69—85.
40. Pettigrew T. F. Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 1988, no. 49, pp. 65—85. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
41. Pettigrew T.F., Tropp L.R. How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Metaanalytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2008, no. 38, pp. 922—34. DOI:10.1002/ejsp.504
42. Pirchio S., Passiatore Y., Panno A., Maricchiolo F., Carrus G. A Chip Off the Old Block: Parents’ Subtle Ethnic Prejudice Predicts Children’s Implicit Prejudice. Frontiers in psychology, 2018. Vol. 9, pp. 110.
43. Sekerdej M., Kossowska M., Czernatowicz-Kukuczka A. Uncertainty and prejudice: The role of religiosity in shaping group attitudes. European journal of social psychology, 2018. Vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 91—102.
44. Sinn J. Mapping Ideology: Combining the Schwartz Value Circumplex with Evolutionary Theory to Explain Ideological Differences. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2019. Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 44—57.
45. Tajfel H. Social stereotypes and social groups. In Turner J.C., Giles H. (eds.). Intergroup behavior. Oxford, 1981, pp. 144—167.